It could also benefit from improved analytical tools that integrate biodiversity and ecosystem services variables and human and socioeconomic development variables.

There is a significant research gap in the development of models and scenarios that integrate drivers, nature, nature’s contributions to people and good quality of life

Social and cultural values of nature and NCP have been rarely incorporated in models and scenarios.

Understanding how sensitive areas change in relation to regional- to global-scale processes, a mechanism to communicate the needs of people making decisions about local resources to scientists, and pathways to deliver scientific knowledge to decision makers remain prioritary needs for the region.

It is not possible to make a generalized statement of impacts of global changes in physical ocean dynamics and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on coastal ecology

Networks of regional observation systems that collaborate and share information, and that work jointly to understand biodiversity and ecosystems could provide support to existing national programs and contribute to address United Nations SDG

In the case of the Americas, for some regions, there is still substantial uncertainty associated to spatial and temporal magnitude of the drivers

Information about oil contamination effects on sediment microbial communities and the effects of bioremediation techniques on microbial diversity in mangroves are also needed

Relevant information on indirect drivers is extremely limited at environmental scales (e.g. habitats, ecosystems, biomes), which in many cases may be more relevant than institutional scales (e.g. administrative, municipalities, provinces, countries) for IPBES assessments.

Improved management for overharvested species requires inventories, baselines, and monitoring knowledge of targeted species. Managers need to know population densities, sizes and trends, breeding and migration patterns, and ecological conditions they require. Understanding the threats that are causing their decline (e.g. trade markets) as well as traditional values and knowledge will assist both management and enforcement.