Description of Impact(s) (English Only) Guided by the IPBES Assessment, this science article provides a framework to evaluate how Nature-based solutions NbS contribute to transformative change and apply it to 93 NbS from mountain social-ecological systems (SES). The framework serves to assess what elements may catalyze transformative change, how transformative change occurs, and what its outcomes are. The framework provides key components for assessing the effectiveness of NbS and allows tracking long-term transformative change processes.