monetary valuation |
The amount of value an item or a service has in relation to its acceptable cash price for a willing seller and buyer.
|
Pollination assessment |
monitoring |
Monitoring is the repeated observation of a system in order to detect signs of change.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
monitoring |
The repeated observation of a system in order to detect signs of change.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
monitoring |
for the purpose of this assessment, the continued or regular observation of an ecosystem to detect invasion/reinvasion by invasive alien species and/or their impacts.
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
monoculture |
The cultivation or growth of only one agricultural product in a given area (field, farm, garden, forest).
|
Pollination assessment |
monoculture |
The agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
monophyletic |
The condition in which a group of taxa share a common ancestry, being the entire set of evolutionary descendants from a common ancestor.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
moral economy |
A moral economy, initially based on peasants’ sense of belonging and sharing, is an economy that is based on goodness, fairness, and justice. Such an economy is generally only stable in small, closely knit communities, where the principles of mutuality operate.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
mosaic landscape |
A pattern of landscapes with multiple patches and corridors.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
mosaic restoration |
Landscape scale restoration efforts that do not rely on a single restoration mechanism for an entire landscape, or it is a single mechanism, deploying it in a spatially variable manner that creates patches of restored and non-restored landscape units.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
mother earth |
An expression used in a number of countries and regions to refer to the planet Earth and the entity that sustains all living things found in nature with which humans have an indivisible, interdependent physical and spiritual relationship.
|
Scenarios and models assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment |
mother earth |
An expression used in a number of countries and regions to refer to the planet Earth and the entity that sustains all living things found in nature with which humans have an indivisible, interdependent physical and spiritual relationship (see nature).
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Africa assessment, Americas assessment |
motivation |
One’s general willingness to do something. It is the set of psychological forces that compel you to take action. Motivation can be extrinsic - based on changes in external conditions, external rewards. Intrinsic motivation refers to an inherent drive to seek out challenges and new possibilities.
|
Values assessment |
motivation crowding |
Providing extrinsic incentives for certain kinds of behaviour - such as promising monetary rewards for accomplishing more of intrinsically/ normatively motivated action - can undermine that motivation for performing the behaviour, diminished motivation to act.
|
Values assessment |
multi stakeholder based scenario development |
See Participatory scenario development.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
multi-criteria analysis |
A sub-discipline of operations research that explicitly evaluates multiple conflicting criteria in decision-making.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
multidisciplinary expert panel |
The IPBES Multidiscplinary Expert Panel is a subsidiary body established by the IPBES Plenary which oversees the scientific and technical functions ofthe Platform, a key role being to select experts to carry out assessments.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Americas assessment |
multidisciplinary expert panel |
Within the context of IPBES - a subsidiary body established by the IPBES Plenary which carries out the scientific and technical functions agreed upon by the Plenary, as articulated in the document on functions, operating principles and institutional arrangements of IPBES.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
multifunctional ‘scape |
where ‘scape is shorthand for ‘land-, freshwater- and sea-scape’, is a contiguous area defined by major geomorphological (e.g. major watersheds, geological systems and major biomes) and/or oceanographic processes (major current regimes, biogeochemical processes). Scale may vary with the application. A ‘scape may include a mosaic of habitats across all conditions of nature from intact in ‘wild spaces’, through modified and altered in ‘shared spaces’ where humans have a significant impact on the biota and may alter function considerably, to ‘anthromes’ or fully transformed agricultural and urban areas where the coverage of natural habitats is very low or even zero.
|
IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change |
multifunctional agriculture |
The concept was adopted by FAO (1999) to foster an approach integrating landscape, biological connections, and less damageable practices. Multifunctional agriculture is meant to integrate the economic, social and ecological aspects of land management.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
multifunctionality |
The condition of being multifunctional; diversity of function.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
muti-use system |
Multi-use systems are defined as socio-ecosystems in which occur more than one use or practice (e.g. fishing and logging in mangroves).
|
Sustainable use assessment |
mutualism |
Interaction between two species that benefits the two species (Bronstein, 1994).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
radiative forcing |
The measurement of the capacity of a gas or other forcing agents to affect that energy balance, thereby contributing to climate change. Put more simply, RF expresses the change in energy in the atmosphere due to GHG emissions.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
ramsar convention on wetlands |
The Convention on Wetlands, called the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
ramsar convention on wetlands |
The Convention on Wetlands, called the Ramsar Convention, of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
ramsar site |
A wetland site designated of international importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental environment treaty established in 1975 by UNESCO, coming into force in 1975. A wetland of international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. Such site meets at least one of the criteria of Identifying Wetlands of International Importance set by Ramsar Convention and is designated by appropriate national authority to be added to Ramsar list.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
ramsar site |
A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated of international importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental environment treaty established in 1975 by UNESCO, coming into force in 1975. Ramsar site refers to wetland of international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. Such a site meets at least one of the criteria of identifying Wetlands of International Importance set by Ramsar Convention and is designated by appropriate national authority to be added to Ramsar list.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
ramsar site |
A wetland site designated of international importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental environment treaty established in 1975 by UNESCO, coming into force in 1975. Ramsar site refers to wetland of international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. Such a site meets at least one of the criteria of identifying wetlands of international importance set by Ramsar Convention and is designated by appropriate national authority to be added to Ramsar list.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
ramsar site |
A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated of international importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental environment treaty established in 1975 by UNESCO, coming into force in 1975. Ramsar site refers to a wetland of international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. Such site meets at least one of the criteria of Identifying Wetlands of International Importance set by Ramsar Convention and is designated by appropriate national authority to be added to Ramsar list.
|
Africa assessment |
range |
“the current limits of distribution of a species, accounting for all known, inferred or projected sites of occurrence”
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
range shift |
A change in the distributional limits of the native geographical range of a species, most commonly driven human-related factors (e.g. climate change).
|
Pollination assessment |
rangeland |
Natural grasslands used for livestock grazing.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
re-wilding |
The preservation of land with the goal of restoring natural ecosystem processes and reducing human control of landscapes (Gillson et al., 2011) to allow declining populations to rebound.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
reactive nitrogen |
All biologically, photochemically, and/or radiatively active forms of nitrogen; a diverse pool of nitrogenous compounds that includes organic compounds (e.g. urea, amines, proteins, amides), mineral nitrogen forms, such as nitrates and ammonium, as well as gases that are chemically active in the troposphere (NOx, ammonia, nitrous oxide) and contribute to air pollution and the greenhouse effect.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
reality |
Current state of biodiversity and ecosystem functions independent of human knowledge and perceptions and ecosystem services (Nature in IPBES conceptual framework). See also Perceptions; Concepts”; Worldviews”.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
rebound effect |
The pattern by which resource users tend to compensate for improved efficiency by shifting behaviour towards greater consumption, which undermines apparent gains. For example, an increased fuel saving of motor vehicle tends to be compensated by spending more money on other resources or by driving more.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
rebound effect |
The pattern by which resource users tend to compensate for improved efficiency by shifting behavior towards greater consumption, which undermines apparent gains. For example, an increased fuel saving of motor vehicle tends to be compensated by spending more money on other resources or by driving more.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
reclamation |
The stabilization of the terrain, assurance of public safety, aesthetic improvement, and usually a return of the land to what, within the regional context, is considered to be a useful purpose.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
recognition |
In social-environmental justice, recognition is about the respect for (community) ways of life, local knowledge, and cultural difference.
|
Values assessment |
recreational uses (of wild species) |
Recreational uses are defined as uses of wild species in which enjoyment is considered a primary value.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
recreational values |
Monetary or non-monetary worth given to the human recreational use of ecosystems, areas or other natural phenomena.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
recruitment |
The influx of new members into a population by reproduction or immigration (IUCN, 2012a).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
recruitment |
The influx of new members into a population by reproduction or immigration.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation |
A global mechanism designed to offer positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and to promote the conservation, management and enhancement of forest stocks in developing countries (http://theredddesk. org/encyclopaedia/reducing-emissions- deforestation-and-forest-degradation-redd- and-role-conservation). REDD-plus stands for countries’ efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and foster conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation |
Mechanism developed by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which creates a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands.
|
|
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation |
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is a mechanism developed by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It creates a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. Developing countries would receive results-based payments for results- based actions. REDD+ goes beyond simply deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
reduced impact logging |
The intensively planned and carefully controlled implementation of timber harvesting operations to minimize the environmental impact on forest stands and soils (FAO, 2018a).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
reduced impact logging |
The intensively planned and carefully controlled implementation of timber harvesting operations to minimize the environmental impact on forest stands and soils.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation |
Mechanism developed by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It creates a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. Developing countries would receive results-based payments for results-based actions. REDD+ goes beyond simply deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
|
Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment |