monetary valuation |
The amount of value an item or a service has in relation to its acceptable cash price for a willing seller and buyer.
|
Pollination assessment |
monitoring |
Monitoring is the repeated observation of a system in order to detect signs of change.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
monitoring |
The repeated observation of a system in order to detect signs of change.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
monitoring |
for the purpose of this assessment, the continued or regular observation of an ecosystem to detect invasion/reinvasion by invasive alien species and/or their impacts.
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
monoculture |
The cultivation or growth of only one agricultural product in a given area (field, farm, garden, forest).
|
Pollination assessment |
monoculture |
The agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
monophyletic |
The condition in which a group of taxa share a common ancestry, being the entire set of evolutionary descendants from a common ancestor.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
moral economy |
A moral economy, initially based on peasants’ sense of belonging and sharing, is an economy that is based on goodness, fairness, and justice. Such an economy is generally only stable in small, closely knit communities, where the principles of mutuality operate.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
mosaic landscape |
A pattern of landscapes with multiple patches and corridors.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
mosaic restoration |
Landscape scale restoration efforts that do not rely on a single restoration mechanism for an entire landscape, or it is a single mechanism, deploying it in a spatially variable manner that creates patches of restored and non-restored landscape units.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
mother earth |
An expression used in a number of countries and regions to refer to the planet Earth and the entity that sustains all living things found in nature with which humans have an indivisible, interdependent physical and spiritual relationship.
|
Scenarios and models assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment |
mother earth |
An expression used in a number of countries and regions to refer to the planet Earth and the entity that sustains all living things found in nature with which humans have an indivisible, interdependent physical and spiritual relationship (see nature).
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Africa assessment, Americas assessment |
motivation |
One’s general willingness to do something. It is the set of psychological forces that compel you to take action. Motivation can be extrinsic - based on changes in external conditions, external rewards. Intrinsic motivation refers to an inherent drive to seek out challenges and new possibilities.
|
Values assessment |
motivation crowding |
Providing extrinsic incentives for certain kinds of behaviour - such as promising monetary rewards for accomplishing more of intrinsically/ normatively motivated action - can undermine that motivation for performing the behaviour, diminished motivation to act.
|
Values assessment |
multi stakeholder based scenario development |
See Participatory scenario development.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
multi-criteria analysis |
A sub-discipline of operations research that explicitly evaluates multiple conflicting criteria in decision-making.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
multidisciplinary expert panel |
The IPBES Multidiscplinary Expert Panel is a subsidiary body established by the IPBES Plenary which oversees the scientific and technical functions ofthe Platform, a key role being to select experts to carry out assessments.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Americas assessment |
multidisciplinary expert panel |
Within the context of IPBES - a subsidiary body established by the IPBES Plenary which carries out the scientific and technical functions agreed upon by the Plenary, as articulated in the document on functions, operating principles and institutional arrangements of IPBES.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
multifunctional ‘scape |
where ‘scape is shorthand for ‘land-, freshwater- and sea-scape’, is a contiguous area defined by major geomorphological (e.g. major watersheds, geological systems and major biomes) and/or oceanographic processes (major current regimes, biogeochemical processes). Scale may vary with the application. A ‘scape may include a mosaic of habitats across all conditions of nature from intact in ‘wild spaces’, through modified and altered in ‘shared spaces’ where humans have a significant impact on the biota and may alter function considerably, to ‘anthromes’ or fully transformed agricultural and urban areas where the coverage of natural habitats is very low or even zero.
|
IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change |
multifunctional agriculture |
The concept was adopted by FAO (1999) to foster an approach integrating landscape, biological connections, and less damageable practices. Multifunctional agriculture is meant to integrate the economic, social and ecological aspects of land management.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
multifunctionality |
The condition of being multifunctional; diversity of function.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
muti-use system |
Multi-use systems are defined as socio-ecosystems in which occur more than one use or practice (e.g. fishing and logging in mangroves).
|
Sustainable use assessment |
mutualism |
Interaction between two species that benefits the two species (Bronstein, 1994).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
paired catchment |
Paired catchment studies have been widely used to assess the likely impact of land use change on water yield around the world. Such studies involve the use of two catchments (drainage basins) with similar characteristics in terms of slope, aspect, soils, area, precipitation and vegetation located adjacent to each other. Following a calibration period, where both catchments are monitored, one of the catchments is subjected to treatment and the other remains as a control. This allows the climatic variability to be accounted for in the analysis. The change in water yield can then be attributed to changes in vegetation. The paired catchment studies reported in the literature can be divided into four broad categories: (i) afforestation experiments; (ii) regrowth experiments; (iii) deforestation experiments; and (iv) forest conversion experiments.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
paleological data |
Information on environment event and trends (e.g. paleoclimate).
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
palma ratio |
The share of all income received by the 10% people with highest disposable income divided by the share of all income received by the 40% people with the lowest disposable income (OECD, 2018b).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
parasite |
An organism that lives on or within another organism of a different species (the host) from which it obtains nourishment and to which it causes harm.
|
Pollination assessment |
paris agreement |
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
participatory governance |
A variant or subset of governance which puts emphasis on democratic engagement, in particular through deliberative practices.
|
Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
participatory mapping |
A key method that many indigenous communities apply in order to collect data, information and monitoring and to use it in science- policy- society interface processes.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
participatory method |
Participatory research methods are a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods geared towards planning and conducting the research process with those people whose life-world and meaningful actions are under study (Bergold & Thomas, 2012). Participatory methods acknowledge the possibility, the significance, and the usefulness of involving research partners in the knowledge-production process (Bergold, 2007).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
participatory method |
Participatory research methods are a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods geared towards planning and conducting the research process with those people whose life-world and meaningful actions are under study (Bergold & Thomas, 2012). Participatory methods acknowledge the possibility, the significance, and the usefulness of involving research partners in the knowledge- production process.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
participatory process |
Specific methods employed to achieve active participation by all members of a group in a decision-making process (Chatty et al., 2003).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
participatory process |
Specific methods employed to achieve active participation by all members of a group in a decision-making process.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
participatory scenario development (and planning) |
Approaches characterised by more interactive, and inclusive, involvement of stakeholders in the formulation and evaluation of scenarios. Aimed at improving the transparency and relevance of decision-making, by incorporating demands and information of each stakeholder, and negotiating outcomes between stakeholders.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
participatory scenario development (and planning) |
Approaches characterized by more interactive, and inclusive, involvement of stakeholders in the formulation and evaluation of scenarios. Aimed at improving the transparency and relevance of decision-making, by incorporating demands and information of each stakeholder, and negotiating outcomes between stakeholders.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
participatory scenario development (and planning) |
Approaches characterised by more interactive, and inclusive, involvement of stakeholders in the formulation and evaluation of scenarios. Aimed at improving the transparency and relevance of decision making, by incorporating demands and information of each stakeholder, and negotiating outcomes between stakeholders.
|
Americas assessment, Scenarios and models assessment |
particulate and gaseous pollutant |
Air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and ammonia.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
particulate matter |
A mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets (dust, dirt, soot, or smoke) (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2018b).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
particulate matter |
A mixture of solid particles (dust, dirt, soot, or smoke) and liquid droplets.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
particulate matter |
Particulate matter (PM), also known as atmospheric particulate matter, or suspended particulate matter (SPM) are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in Earth's atmosphere. Sources of particulate matter can be natural or anthropogenic. They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
particulate matter |
A mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets (dust, dirt, soot, or smoke).
|
Americas assessment |
particulate organic carbon |
The carbon content of particulate organic matter (Fiedler et al., 2008).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
particulate organic matter |
The large fraction (usually more than 7 micrometers) of soil organic matter (Fiedler et al., 2008).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
passive restoration |
See restoration.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
pastoralism |
Extensive livestock production in rangelands.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
pathway management |
any action taken (single or via systems approach) towards a particular anthropogenic invasive alien species arrival pathway (e.g., trade) to prevent or address the threats and risks of an invasive alien species arriving and establishing via that pathway either between or within jurisdictions
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
pathways |
In the context of the IPBES global assessment, trajectories toward the achievement of goals and targets for biodiversity conservation and management of nature and nature’s contributions to people.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
pathways |
“Pathways” consist of descriptions of different strategies for moving from the current situation towards a desired future vision or set of specified targets. They are descriptions of purposive courses of actions that build on each other, from short-term to long-term actions into broader transformation. They are closely related to normative or policy or target-seeking scenarios.
|
Values assessment |
pathways |
In the context of the IPBES global assessment, trajectories toward the achievement of goals and targets for biodiversity conservation, the management of nature and nature’s contributions to people, and, more broadly, the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
|
Values assessment |