The DPSR and theory of change frameworks are valuable strategic governance tools for biological invasions because, by design (OECD, 2019), they explicitly connect the causes (drivers) facilitating biological invasions, the size of the problem (pressure), its impact (state) and societal responses to dealing with it (McGeoch et al., 2010; Box 6.3), although there are currently gaps in its application and implementation (Vicente et al., 2022).