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# Operations Changed User Informative Title/Headline (English only) Language(s) of Evidence of Impact Description of Impact(s) (English Only) Type(s) of Impact(s) Generated (English Only) Other impact Source Other source Link to Information – where available Link to Information – where available: Link Title Link to Information – where available: Link URL Other deliverable/element Start date of 'Implementation' End date of 'Implementation' Economic value of impact (currency) Economic value of impact (amount) Scale of impact Region of Impact Country/Countries of Impact State/Province Supporting Document(s) Is this a private sector impact? Salutation First name Last name Institution Position/Title IPBES Role (If Any) Other role Your contact email Phone Number
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 Mon, 06/02/2023 Fernando Neda IPBES Nature Futures Framework Approach Used in Swedish Project Proposal to Integrate Nature in Urban Areas English (396) Researchers at the Stockholm Resilience Centre have presented ways to help city planners identify options for integrating nature within urban areas. Published in the May 2022 edition of Environmental Science & Policy, the framework led by researchers Jan Kuiper and Thomas Elmqvist responds to the development of new scenarios under the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services that focus on positive perspectives on how people and nature can prosper together. These perspectives formed the basis for the Nature Futures Framework (NFF).

Given that the NFF is not primarily looking at urban contexts, to fill this gap, the researchers colleagues developed the Urban Nature Futures Framework (UNFF) which presents three approaches to integrating nature in cities: (1) Nature for Nature Future: natural areas and biodiversity are at the core of any urban development, (2) Nature for Society Future: human needs form the basis for what ecosystem services should be prioritised, and (3) Nature as Culture Futures: how nature can help create stronger social communities, a sense of place and stewardship of nature.		 New/changed action/initiative Website Making cities greener, sustainable and inclusive Making cities greener, sustainable and inclusive https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2022-03-17-making-cities-greener-sustainable-and-inclusive.html 2022-03-17 Global public Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Thu, 09/02/2023 Fernando Neda G7 Ministers' Communique Highlights IPBES Findings & Calls on IPBES and IPCC to Intensify Cooperation English (396) G7 Ministers of Climate, Energy and the Environment, met on 26th–27th May 2022 in Berlin to address the multiple crises that are endangering the climate and environment and causing severe impacts on the planet, lives and livelihoods, and the next generations’ needs around the world. Through an official communiqué, the Ministers stated: "We express our deep concern regarding the triple global crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution, recognising that these challenges are inextricably interlinked and mutually reinforcing, and that they are driven largely by human activity and by unsustainable patterns of consumption and production. We therefore commit to immediate, short- and medium-term action in this critical decade, leveraging the synergies between climate and biodiversity action, the clean energy transition and environmental protection, which should inform long-term transformative change". Consequently the Ministers called on "the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other relevant international science and policy panels to intensify their cooperation in this regard".

Likewise, the Ministers added: "We also highlight with concern the findings of the IPBES, indicating that around 1 million species are threatened by extinction, many within decades, and that biodiversity is declining and ecosystems are degrading faster than at any time in human history. We stress the urgency of adopting a new global biodiversity framework in 2022 and its prompt and swift implementation for halting and reversing biodiversity loss by 2030". 		New/changed action/initiative Website G7 Climate, Energy and Environment Ministers’ Communiqué G7 Climate, Energy and Environment Ministers’ Communiqué https://www.g7germany.de/resource/blob/974430/2044350/84e380088170c69e6b6ad45dbd133ef8/2022-05-27-1-climate-ministers-communique-data.pdf?download=1 2022-05-27 Global Cross-regional public Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Thu, 09/02/2023 Fernando Neda WEF Draws on IPBES Findings in New White Paper on Using Spatial Intelligence for Business Action on Nature and Climate English (396) Published by the World Economic Forum in September 2022, the “Location Matters: Using spatial intelligence for business action on nature and climate” white paper was written collaboratively by the Forum’s Global Future Council on Nature-Based Solutions and the SPACES Coalition – a growing initiative guiding governments and business networks on how to utilise spatial intelligence to accelerate progress for nature and climate.

The paper uses findings from the IPBES Global Assessment Report, stating that "the rise in global temperature of 1.1°C since pre-industrial times is already generating record extreme heat, droughts, forest fires, flooding and sea level rise that threaten food security, water security and livelihoods." It also refers to the report by pointing out that "it is beyond doubt that both nature and climate materially affect current and future business activities."

Similarly, the report highlights the IPBES-IPCC Co-Sponsored Workshop: Biodiversity and Climate Change – Scientific outcome, by pointing out that "while often viewed in silos, the nature and climate crises are fundamentally interconnected. To address them effectively requires integrated, urgent and concerted action".		 New/changed research project Website Location Matters: Using spatial intelligence for business action on nature and climate Location Matters: Using spatial intelligence for business action on nature and climate https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Location_Matters_Using_spatial_intelligence_for_business_action_on_nature_and_climate_2022.pdf 2022-09-01 Global private Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Thu, 09/02/2023 Fernando Neda IPBES Global Assessment Findings Used in WEF Briefing Paper on Biodiversity Credits English (396) A new briefing paper by the World Economic Forum cites the 2019 IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, mentioning in its introduction that "Human activity is eroding the world’s ecological foundations. Over 1 million species are at risk of extinction, one third of the world’s topsoil has been degraded, forest fires are now more extensive and destructive than at any time in the past 10,000 years and 50% of the world’s coral reefs are destroyed."

The paper, titled “Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes,” is the output of past months’ deliberation with the Working Group on Biodiversity Credits. The paper points out that biodiversity credits are part of a company’s nature-positive journey –an investment in nature’s recovery, rather than an offset for damages.		 New/changed action/initiative Website Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Biodiversity_Credit_Market_2022.pdf 2022-09-01 Global private Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Thu, 09/02/2023 Tania Sanchis Gimenez Project NAVIGATE wiIl use IPBES Values Assessment Approach to Assess 4 Areas of UK, Finland & Tanzania as Test Cases English (396) A new project, called NAVIGATE (Understanding NAture’s multiple Values for InteGrATion into dEcisions), is one of the seven major new studies highlighted in the journal Science, that will help to understand the economic benefits of biodiversity. NAVIGATE will be led by Prof. Mike Christie, Aberystwyth University and will use the approach to inclusive valuation of nature developed in the recent IPBES Values Assessment to assess four areas of the UK, Finland and Tanzania, as test cases. New/changed research project Website Seven major studies launched that will help us understand the economic benefits of biodiversity Seven major studies launched that will help us understand the economic benefits of biodiversity https://scienmag.com/seven-major-studies-launched-that-will-help-us-understand-the-economic-benefits-of-biodiversity/ 2022-11-08 GBP £799,726 Global Cross-regional Finland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Republic of Tanzania public Ms. Tania Sanchis IPBES Social Media Consultant Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Mon, 20/02/2023 Tania Sanchis Gimenez San Diego County Passes Resolution Calling for Better Protection of and Access to Open Spaces in Support of Biodiversity. English (396) The Board of Supervisors of the County of San Diego, California, USA have voted in favor of a resolution calling for better protection of and access to the county’s open spaces in support of biodiversity. The resolution “builds on several community partnerships and initiatives maintained by the county that prioritize the preservation of the region’s natural spaces” and also on IPBES data, such as the fact that the planet is experiencing a biodiversity crisis, with more than 1 million species of plants and animals threatened by extinction. New/changed law/regulation Website County Supervisors Pass Resolution Supporting Biodiversity for a More Resilient San Diego County Supervisors Pass Resolution Supporting Biodiversity for a More Resilient San Diego https://timesofsandiego.com/politics/2022/11/16/county-supervisors-pass-resolution-supporting-biodiversity-for-a-more-resilient-san-diego/ 2022-11-16 State/Provincial Americas United States of America California public Ms. Tania Sanchis Gimenez IPBES Social Media Consultant Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Mon, 20/02/2023 Tania Sanchis Gimenez COP15 March for Biodiversity and Human Rights Organized by Quebec Civil Society Collective Highlighting IPBES Evidence French (397) A large activist 'March for Biodiversity and Human Rights' took place on 10 December 2022 in Montreal, Canada, to mobilise organisations and citizens advocating for biodiversity protection in the context of the CBD COP15, along with local and international allies. The organisers highlighted data from IPBES, among other organisations, such as: 1 million animal and plant species are now threatened with extinction.
 New/changed action/initiative Website Grande marche pour le vivant / March for Biodiversity and Human rights Grande marche pour le vivant / March for Biodiversity and Human rights https://www.facebook.com/events/644721227238451 2022-12-10 Multi-organizational/network Americas Canada public Ms. Tania Sanchis Gimenez IPBES Social Media Consultant Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Mon, 20/02/2023 Tania Sanchis Gimenez International Conference on Underlying Causes of Biodiversity Loss Issues 'Montreal Call' - Invitation to Discuss Solutions for Biodiversity & Climate Change Crises English (396) An International Conference on the Underlying Causes of Biodiversity Loss was organized by the 'Collectif COP15', a collective of Quebec civil society organizations under the leadership of SNAP Quebec, in response to the repeated calls by IPBES and the IPCC for urgent systemic changes to the shared underlying causes of the two major interrelated environmental crises: biodiversity loss and climate change. The organizers welcome the progress made during the conference in identifying solutions. The 'Montreal Call' is an invitation to continue this reflection and accelerate it at future COPs, with biodiversity and climate considerations combined. New/changed action/initiative Website The Montreal Call for Dialogue on Systemic Change is launched The Montreal Call for Dialogue on Systemic Change is launched https://apnews.com/press-release/pr-newswire/biodiversity-climate-and-environment-ef7aacf11dafc6e76242968397587010 2022-12-09 Global Canada public Ms. Tania Sanchis Gimenez IPBES [email protected] Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Mon, 20/02/2023 Tania Sanchis Gimenez COP15 Immersive Video Installation by Campaign for Nature & National Geographic Draws on IPBES Findings English (396) An immersive video installation was created by the Campaign for Nature and National Geographic during CBD COP15 in Montreal Canada, using (inter alia) text from the 2019 IPBES Global Assessment to help highlight the urgent need for biodiversity protection around the world. New/changed action/initiative Website Statement from Campaign for Nature on the Newly Released Text of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework Statement from Campaign for Nature on the Newly Released Text of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework https://www.campaignfornature.org/cop15 2022-12-07 Global Americas Canada public Ms. Tania Sanchis Gimenez IPBES Social Media Consultant Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Mon, 20/02/2023 Fernando Neda Genal River Stakeholder Workshop uses IPBES Nature Futures Framework to Envision a Future for the River Spanish (399) The DRYvER project held its first local stakeholders workshop in the Genal River (Spain), operationalizing the IPBES Nature Futures Framework to develop pathways for a sustainable future for the river, in light of three perspectives: nature for nature, people, and culture. Called "Genal River Research and Climate Change", 25 residents of the Genal Valley participated in the workshop to explore their perceptions of the river and how they relate to it. The session was also dedicated to identifying wishes for the future of the entire Genal Valley. During the workshop, participants from different sectors, including industry as well as private citizens, did an excursion to the sampling sites of the Genal River to learn how to sample biodiversity.

Financed by the European Union Horizon 2020 project, DRYvER (Securing biodiversity, functional integrity and ecosystem services in DRYing riVER networks) consists of multidisciplinary teams of 25 experts from 11 countries in Europe, South America, China and the USA, building on EU efforts to investigate how climate change has cascading impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem functions and ecosystem services of DRNs (drying river networks). DRYvER aims to collect, analyse and model data from nine drying river networks (DRN) in Europe and South America to create a novel global meta-system approach that incorporates hydrology, socio-economics, ecology and biogeochemistry in order to craft strategies, tools and recommendations for adaptive management of river networks.

DRYvER also seeks to expand previous IPBES assessment reports (Methodological assessment report on scenarios and models of biodiversity and ecosystem services; Thematic assessment on land degradation and restoration; EU and Central Asia Regional assessment) by including river networks facing climate change. It also aims to provide inputs to more recent thematic assessment on sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity, and the upcoming thematic assessment on invasive alien species and their control. 		New/changed action/initiative Website The action focuses on research on the Genal River and the effect that climate change can have on it The action focuses on research on the Genal River and the effect that climate change can have on it https://www.charrytv.com/noticias/comarca/comarca-benadalid-dryver-rio-genal_6083 2022-12-12 State/Provincial Europe and Central Asia Spain Genal Valley public Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Sat, 29/04/2023 CMousnier IUCN Issues Guideline for Working with Indigenous & Local Knowledge (ILK) in IUCN Red List assessments Informed by IPBES Work on ILK English (396) IUCN have issued guidelines for working with Indigenous & Local Knowledge (ILK) in assessments of red list species. The document builds on discussions that have taken place over the last decade between the IUCN CEESP-SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group and the IUCN SSC Red List Committee and draws on experience from the IPBES ILK Approach. Indeed the IPBES Global Assessment (GA) was the first global scale assessment to engage systematically with ILK. The document refers to IPBES' work which has influenced and informed this process by IUCN. Moreover, various IPBES experts and knowledge holders have contributed to this document, including Marla R. Emery, Flore Lafaye de Micheaux and Phil Lyver.

In other words, the work of IPBES has provided a framework and approach to engage with ILK and IPLCs in scientific assessments, and this has influenced the development of these guidelines for gathering and utilizing ILK in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 		New/changed technique Website Application of Indigenous & Local Knowledge (ILK) in IUCN Red List assessments Application of Indigenous & Local Knowledge (ILK) in IUCN Red List assessments https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/ilk 2022-05-01 Global public Charlotte Mousnier IPBES Consultant Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Sat, 29/04/2023 CMousnier French University Communications Students in Poster Creation Contest to Promote Biodiversity Based on IPBES Assessment Report French (397) First year undergraduate communications students from ISCPA, a French school of journalism, communications, and cultural & artistic production, based at campuses in Paris, Lyon and Toulouse, were assigned for 24 hours to work on the creation of posters to promote findings from the IPBES Global Assessment Report on biodiversity issues. Working with 'Pour un Réveil Écologique' who did a '10 key points summary (IPBES)' which was also reviewed by Prof. Paul Leadley, one of the authors of the Report. he initiative was inspired by the need to raise awareness about biodiversity issues and to promote the findings of the IPBES Report, with the winner's design to be used in a bus shelter placement. New/changed action/initiative Website Creative contest x Pour un réveil écologique - the 24-hour poster competition 2022-2023 Creative contest x Pour un réveil écologique - the 24-hour poster competition 2022-2023 https://pollunit.com/en/polls/creative-contest-24hdelaffiche-2023?q%5Bs%5D=rating+desc 2023-03-16 National Europe and Central Asia France public Charlotte Mousnier IPBES Consultant Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Mon, 27/11/2023 Fernando Neda Researchers Build on IPBES Sustainable Use of Wild Species Report to Examine National Implications of its Findings for South Africa English (396) Research published in the South African Journal of Science (March 2023) builds on the recent findings of the IPBES Sustainable Use of Wild Species Assessment Report to examine the national implications of the assessment for South Africa, also drawing on insights from local contributing authors. In drawing these links, the researchers make the point that South Africa is a megadiverse country with a population that relies extensively on the use of wild species for food, energy, medicine, and income, amongst many other purposes. They also argue that the IPBES Sustainable Use of Wild Species assessment provides impetus for placing biodiversity at the centre of sustainable development in South African policy. New/changed research project Website The sustainable use of wild species benefits biodiversity and human well-being in South Africa The sustainable use of wild species benefits biodiversity and human well-being in South Africa https://sajs.co.za/article/view/15739 2023-03-29 National Africa South Africa public Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Sat, 29/04/2023 Fernando Neda UN Secretary General Quotes IPBES Science to Commemorate World Wildlife Day 2023 English (396) United Nations Secretary General António Guterres quoted IPBES science to commemorate World Wildlife Day on 3 March 2023. On his official Twitter account, Mr. Guterres wrote: "1 million species are on the brink of extinction due to human activity. We have the tools & knowledge to end this war on nature. On #WorldWildlifeDay & every day, let's do our part to preserve natural habitats & build a thriving future for all living beings." Other Advocacy Website António Guterres on Twitter António Guterres on Twitter https://twitter.com/antonioguterres/status/1631474472329830402?s=20 2023-03-03 Global public Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Sat, 29/04/2023 Fernando Neda Protocol Developed to Operationalize IPBES Nature Futures Framework (NFF) by Combining it with Multi-Objective Optimization English (396) Through a case study of a rural landscape in northeastern Japan, researchers have developed a protocol with three specifications for operationalizing the IPBES Nature Futures Framework (NFF) in a landscape scenario analysis using a multi-objective optimization framework composed of: (1) exploring nature-positive futures, (2) seeking alternative pathways for targets satisfying visions of plural values, and (3) screening key direct drivers to achieve the targets.

This study modeled the NFF-based scenarios by applying the concept of multi-objective optimization and a landscape change model to explore desirable futures, seek targets in the NFF state space, and screen response options for reaching these targets in the Bekambeushi River watershed in northeastern Japan.

The protocol identified multiple, but few nature-positive and Pareto optimal strategies that satisfied NFF visions; nature-positive, but not Pareto optimal strategies; and non-nature-positive strategies. The protocol also identified key response options to achieve three different NFF value perspectives in the case study area: (1) clear or selective cutting in forestry and (2) solar PV installation on abandoned pastureland in agriculture and energy sectors. 		New/changed research project Website Modeling desirable futures at local scale by combining the nature futures framework and multi-objective optimization Modeling desirable futures at local scale by combining the nature futures framework and multi-objective optimization https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-023-01301-8 2023-03-10 National Asia-Pacific Japan public Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Sat, 29/04/2023 Fernando Neda Land Degradation Knowledge from IPBES Applied in New Study on Degraded Landscapes in Tanzania English (396) Researchers conducted a study using the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) definition of rangeland degradation as "persistent loss of vegetation productivity cover, especially of those plants which support herbivores."

The scientists aimed to identify whether degradation results from a loss of resistance to environmental shocks, or loss of recovery, in an area consisting of 30,300 km2 of the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem and Maasai Steppe of northern Tanzania.

Quoting IPBES, researchers stated that "rangeland degradation has been defined as a long-term decline in productivity resulting in rangelands unsuitable for grazing (IPBES19), rather than short-term declines driven by temporal variability of environmental conditions (e.g. rainfall, grazing pressure)."

Researchers found "locations that ended up the most degraded tended to decline in condition more during years of widespread degradation but maintained their recovery potential. These results suggest that resilience in rangelands is lost through declines in resistance, rather than loss of recovery potential." 		New/changed research project Website Pathways of degradation in rangelands in Northern Tanzania show their loss of resistance, but potential for recovery Pathways of degradation in rangelands in Northern Tanzania show their loss of resistance, but potential for recovery https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29358-6 2023-02-22 National Africa United Republic of Tanzania public Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Wed, 17/05/2023 Anonymous US State Department Says IPBES Values Assessment will Advance US Efforts for Greater Inclusion of Diverse Voices in Decision-Making English (396) The United States State Department has welcomed the IPBES Values Assessment and indicated that the Report will advance US effrots to give voice to those who are often excluded from decision-making, but who are closest to nature, including indigenous peoples and local communities, and to promote gender and intergenerational equity. New/changed commitment Website Ninth Session of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Approves the Assessment of the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature Ninth Session of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Approves the Assessment of the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature https://www.state.gov/ninth-session-of-the-intergovernmental-science-policy-platform-on-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services-ipbes-approves-the-assessment-of-the-diverse-values-and-valuation-of-nature/ 2022-07-11 National United States of America public Tania Sanchis IPBES Social Media Consultant Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Wed, 17/05/2023 Anonymous Newcastle City Council (UK) Declares Biodiversity Emergency to Answer IPBES Call to Protect Nature at Every Level from Local to Global English (396) The Newcastle City Council (UK) passed a motion declaring a biodiversity emergency - in direct response to the findings of the IPBES Global Assessment Report and the call to make a difference at every level from local to global. The Council requires the Cabinet to implement a series of specific local measures in order to prevent further biodiversity loss. New/changed law/regulation Other Tweet from NewCastle Councillor Jane Byrne Tweet from NewCastle Councillor Jane Byrne https://twitter.com/JaneLabour/status/1544789115316699137/photo/1 2022-07-06 City/Community Europe and Central Asia United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Newcastle public Tania Sanchis Gimenez IPBES Social Media Consultant Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]
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 Mon, 24/04/2023 Levon Armenia Developing National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan Drawing Directly from IPBES Assessment Reports English (396) Aremnia is currently in the process of developing and adopting its National Biodivrsity Strategy and Action Plan 2024-2033. According to Dr. Levon Aghasyan, the IPBES National Focal Point for Armenia, and Legal Advisor to the Minister of Environment, the NBSAP draws direclty on a number of published IPBES Assessment Reports, especially the Regional Assessment Report for Europe and Central Asia. New/changed law/regulation Other https://biodiversity.am/en/get-involved https://biodiversity.am/en/get-involved 2023-03-01 National Europe and Central Asia Armenia private Mr. Levon Aghasyan Ministry of Environment of Armenia Legal advisor of Ministry of Environment of Armenia IPBES National focal point [email protected] +37494134949
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 Wed, 19/04/2023 Anonymous Nordic Council of Ministers Employs IPBES Findings in New Proposal on Dietary Guidelines English (396) In 2016, the Nordic Council of Ministers took the initiative to update the scientific foundation for national nutrient recommendations and dietary guidelines in Nordic and Baltic countries. A draft of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) 2023 was developed and launched for public consultation on 31 March 2023.

In accordance with its scope and mandate, the report assessed the environmental effects of foods and food groups. It states: "The sixth assessment reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (141, 142) and the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (143) (IPBES) are pillars in the evaluation of environmental impact of food consumption in NNR2023."

The NNR project is funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM) and the food and health authorities in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, and Norway. As associated members of the Nordic Council of Ministers, health authorities from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were invited to participate in the NNR Committee with one observer each.		 New/changed policy Other 2023-03-31 Regional Europe and Central Asia Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden public Fernando Neda IPBES PIA Secretariat: Bonn [email protected]