livelihood diversification |
Livelihood diversification is defined as the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in their struggle for survival and in order to improve their standards of living”.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
livelihood resilience |
The capacity of all people across generations to sustain and improve their livelihood opportunities and well-being despite environmental, economic, social and political disturbances.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
livelihood security |
Adequate and sustainable access to income and resources to meet basic needs (including adequate access to food, potable water, health facilities, educational opportunities, housing, time for community participation and social integration).
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
living in harmony with nature |
Within the context of the IPBES Conceptual Framework - a perspective on good quality of life based on the interdependence that exists among human beings, other living species and elements of nature. It implies that we should live peacefully alongside all other organisms even though we may need to exploit other organisms to some degree.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Africa assessment, Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Scenarios and models assessment |
local |
adj. Referring to places, people, things or events within a short distance of an identified locality.
|
Pollination assessment |
local communities |
Local communities” refers to non-indigenous communities with historical linkages to places and livelihoods characterized by long- term relationships with the natural environment, often over generations.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
local community |
A group of individuals that interact within their immediate surroundings and/or direct mutual influences in their daily life. In this sense, a rural village, a clan in transhumance or the inhabitants of an urban neighbourhood can be considered a local community, but not all the inhabitants of a district, a city quarter or even a rural town. A local community could be permanently settled or mobile.
|
Pollination assessment |
local ecological knowledge |
Knowledge about nature, including organisms (animals and plants), ecosystems and ecological interactions, held by local people who interact with and use natural resources. This is a manifestation of indigenous local knowledge (ILK), but includes also knowledge held by those local people who may not be officially recognized as indigenous (in legal terms). Like traditional ecological knowledge, LEK can be seen as a knowledge-practice-belief complex. In other words, it is a cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief, evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through generations by cultural transmission (Berkes, 2012). This encompasses ways of knowing and doing, which are dynamic concepts relying on building on experience and adapting to changes, thereby imbibe a strong learning-by-doing component.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
local economies |
Local economies and subsistence economies are defined as those that are small in scale and in which the use of resources (including wild species) are limited and exclusively used to meet local needs rather than accumulated or sold for profit.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
logging |
Logging is defined as the removal of whole trees or woody parts of trees from their habitat. Logging generally results in the death of the tree, but also includes cases in which it may not, such as coppicing. Logging occurs in forests that may be classified as primary, naturally regenerating, planted, and plantation. This assessment does not address logging from plantation forests except as it has bearing on the practice in the other forest types. Harvest of non-woody parts of trees ( leaves, propagules and bark) are here defined as gathering.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
paired catchment |
Paired catchment studies have been widely used to assess the likely impact of land use change on water yield around the world. Such studies involve the use of two catchments (drainage basins) with similar characteristics in terms of slope, aspect, soils, area, precipitation and vegetation located adjacent to each other. Following a calibration period, where both catchments are monitored, one of the catchments is subjected to treatment and the other remains as a control. This allows the climatic variability to be accounted for in the analysis. The change in water yield can then be attributed to changes in vegetation. The paired catchment studies reported in the literature can be divided into four broad categories: (i) afforestation experiments; (ii) regrowth experiments; (iii) deforestation experiments; and (iv) forest conversion experiments.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
paleological data |
Information on environment event and trends (e.g. paleoclimate).
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
palma ratio |
The share of all income received by the 10% people with highest disposable income divided by the share of all income received by the 40% people with the lowest disposable income (OECD, 2018b).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
parasite |
An organism that lives on or within another organism of a different species (the host) from which it obtains nourishment and to which it causes harm.
|
Pollination assessment |
paris agreement |
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
participatory governance |
A variant or subset of governance which puts emphasis on democratic engagement, in particular through deliberative practices.
|
Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
participatory mapping |
A key method that many indigenous communities apply in order to collect data, information and monitoring and to use it in science- policy- society interface processes.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
participatory method |
Participatory research methods are a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods geared towards planning and conducting the research process with those people whose life-world and meaningful actions are under study (Bergold & Thomas, 2012). Participatory methods acknowledge the possibility, the significance, and the usefulness of involving research partners in the knowledge-production process (Bergold, 2007).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
participatory method |
Participatory research methods are a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods geared towards planning and conducting the research process with those people whose life-world and meaningful actions are under study (Bergold & Thomas, 2012). Participatory methods acknowledge the possibility, the significance, and the usefulness of involving research partners in the knowledge- production process.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
participatory process |
Specific methods employed to achieve active participation by all members of a group in a decision-making process (Chatty et al., 2003).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
participatory process |
Specific methods employed to achieve active participation by all members of a group in a decision-making process.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
participatory scenario development (and planning) |
Approaches characterised by more interactive, and inclusive, involvement of stakeholders in the formulation and evaluation of scenarios. Aimed at improving the transparency and relevance of decision-making, by incorporating demands and information of each stakeholder, and negotiating outcomes between stakeholders.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
participatory scenario development (and planning) |
Approaches characterized by more interactive, and inclusive, involvement of stakeholders in the formulation and evaluation of scenarios. Aimed at improving the transparency and relevance of decision-making, by incorporating demands and information of each stakeholder, and negotiating outcomes between stakeholders.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
participatory scenario development (and planning) |
Approaches characterised by more interactive, and inclusive, involvement of stakeholders in the formulation and evaluation of scenarios. Aimed at improving the transparency and relevance of decision making, by incorporating demands and information of each stakeholder, and negotiating outcomes between stakeholders.
|
Americas assessment, Scenarios and models assessment |
particulate and gaseous pollutant |
Air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and ammonia.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
particulate matter |
A mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets (dust, dirt, soot, or smoke) (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2018b).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
particulate matter |
A mixture of solid particles (dust, dirt, soot, or smoke) and liquid droplets.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
particulate matter |
Particulate matter (PM), also known as atmospheric particulate matter, or suspended particulate matter (SPM) are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in Earth's atmosphere. Sources of particulate matter can be natural or anthropogenic. They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
particulate matter |
A mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets (dust, dirt, soot, or smoke).
|
Americas assessment |
particulate organic carbon |
The carbon content of particulate organic matter (Fiedler et al., 2008).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
particulate organic matter |
The large fraction (usually more than 7 micrometers) of soil organic matter (Fiedler et al., 2008).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
passive restoration |
See restoration.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
pastoralism |
Extensive livestock production in rangelands.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
pathway management |
any action taken (single or via systems approach) towards a particular anthropogenic invasive alien species arrival pathway (e.g., trade) to prevent or address the threats and risks of an invasive alien species arriving and establishing via that pathway either between or within jurisdictions
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
pathways |
In the context of the IPBES global assessment, trajectories toward the achievement of goals and targets for biodiversity conservation and management of nature and nature’s contributions to people.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
pathways |
“Pathways” consist of descriptions of different strategies for moving from the current situation towards a desired future vision or set of specified targets. They are descriptions of purposive courses of actions that build on each other, from short-term to long-term actions into broader transformation. They are closely related to normative or policy or target-seeking scenarios.
|
Values assessment |
pathways |
In the context of the IPBES global assessment, trajectories toward the achievement of goals and targets for biodiversity conservation, the management of nature and nature’s contributions to people, and, more broadly, the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
|
Values assessment |
patrimonial species |
A rare or threatened species which needs local management and which may be a flagship species and may have cultural importance (Pervanchon, 2004).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
payment for ecosystem services |
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are a specific class of approach, used to facilitate voluntary transaction between a provider and a user of a service, conditioned on natural resource management rules for dealing with environmental externalities. PES is created to deal with market failures, environmental externalities, property rights problems and asymmetric information between economic actors.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
payment for ecosystem services |
Voluntary transactions that generate offsite services and are established to enable service users to pay resource providers for the conditional provision of the desired ecosystem service.
|
Americas assessment |
payment for ecosystem services |
A payment mechanism that involves a series of payments to land or other natural resource owners in return for a guaranteed flow of ecosystem services or certain actions likely to enhance their provision over-and-above what would otherwise be provided in the absence of payment.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
payment for ecosystem services |
Payments for ecosystem services (PES) is a term used to describe a process whereas a beneficiary or user of an ecosystem service makes a direct or indirect payment to a provider of that service. PES involve a series of payments to land or other natural resource owners in return for a guaranteed flow of ecosystem services or certain actions likely to enhance their provision over-¬and-above what would otherwise be provided in the absence of payment.
|
|
peatland |
Wetlands which accumulate organic plant matter in situ because waterlogging prevents aerobic decomposition and the much slower rate of the resulting anaerobic decay is exceeded by the rate of accumulation.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment, Americas assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment |
pedosphere |
A part of the Earth’s surface that contains the soil layer.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
pelagic |
Organisms that live in the water column.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
people and plants initiative |
A collaboration initiated in 1992 between the World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), UNESCO-MAB and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew on the promotion of ethnobotany and the equitable and sustainable use of plant resources.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
perceptions |
The first stage of the human cognitive process. Perceptions are not neutral as they pass through rational and emotional filters which assess and interpret the relevancy of what people see. These filters are conditioned by individual experience, education, and by collective worldviews. See also Reality; Concepts”; Worldviews”.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
perennial |
See annual.
|
Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
permaculture |
See Conservation agriculture.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
permafrost |
Perennially frozen ground that occurs wherever the temperature remains below 0°C for several years.
|
Americas assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment |