kelp |
A large brown seaweed that typically has a long, tough stalk with a broad frond divided into strip.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
key biodiversity area |
Sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity. They represent the most important sites for biodiversity worldwide, and are identified nationally using globally standardised criteria and thresholds.
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Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Africa assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment |
key biodiversity area |
Sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity. They represent the most important sites for biodiversity conservation worldwide, and are identified nationally using globally standardized criteria and thresholds.
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key players |
People and organizations who both can influence and become affected by decisions - that is, in certain contexts, they serve as influencers, while at the same time are involved in actual decision making.
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Values assessment |
keystone species |
A species whose impact on the community or ecosystem is disproportionately large relative to its abundance. Effects can be produced by consumption (trophic interactions), competition, mutualism, dispersal, pollination, disease, or habitat modification (non-trophic interactions).
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Sustainable use assessment |
keystone species |
A species whose impact on the community or ecosystem is disproportionately large relative to its abundance. Effects can be produced by consumption (trophic interactions), competition, mutualism, dispersal, pollination, disease, or habitat modification (no.
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keystone species |
Species that maintain the organization and diversity of their ecological communities and are thus exceptional, relative to the rest of the community, in their importance. Species that, despite low biomass, exert strong effects on the structure of the communities they inhabit.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
kinship-centric principle (non-humans) |
animals, plants and spirits, and such approach forms part of an indigenous cultural identity. Maintaining reciprocal and healthy relationships through a continuum with animals, plants and the lands where they reside involve the giving and taking of resources in appropriate ways, at appropriate times. In some cases, animals and plants are seen and treated as equals to humans and shape and reshape human relations with nature. Often, the values embedded in these relationships drive human behaviour and are elicited through certain valuation methods. Appreciation (no disregard) for spiritual entities (e.g. sacred mountains, rivers, among others) residing on ancestral lands, can be an example of a Kinship-central approach (focused on non-humans).
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Values assessment |
kinship-centric principle (other humans) |
Actions of mutual support between humans such as sharing, gender equity, social equity, honesty, humility, modesty. Some of these elements can be revealed as relevant through valuation methods and approaches, as well as by practices associated with them.
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Values assessment |
knowledge system |
Indigenous and local knowledge systems are understood to be dynamic bodies of integrated, holistic, social and ecological understandings, know-hows, practices and beliefs pertaining to the relationship of living beings, including people, with one another and with their environment. Indigenous and local knowledge is grounded in territory, is highly diverse and is continuously evolving through the interaction of experiences, skills, innovations and different types of wisdom expressed in multiple ways (written, oral, visual, tacit, practical and scientific). Such knowledge can provide information, methods, theory and practice for sustainable ecosystem management. Indigenous and local knowledge systems have been, and continue to be, empirically tested, applied, contested and validated through different means in different contexts. Western Academic knowledge systems relate to often explicit knowledge that has been derived from applying formal methods in academic or technical institutions.
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Values assessment |
knowledge system |
A body of propositions that are adhered to, whether formally or informally, and are routinely used to claim truth.
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Scenarios and models assessment |
knowledge system |
A body of propositions that are adhered to, whether formally or informally, and are routinely used to claim truth. They are organized structures and dynamic processes (a) generating and representing content, components, classes, or types of knowledge, that are (b) domain-specific or characterized by domain-relevant features as defined by the user or consumer, (c) reinforced by a set of logical relationships that connect the content of knowledge to its value (utility), (d) enhanced by a set of iterative processes that enable the evolution, revision, adaptation, and advances, and (e) subject to criteria of relevance, reliability, and quality.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
knowledge system |
Organized structures and dynamic processes (a) generating and representing content, components, classes, or types of knowledge, that are (b) domain-specific or characterized by domain-relevant features as defined by the user or consumer, (c) reinforced by a set of logical relationships that connect the content of knowledge to its value (utility), (d) enhanced by a set of iterative processes that enable the evolution, revision, adaptation, and advances, and (e) subject to criteria of relevance, reliability, and quality.
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Pollination assessment |
knowledge system |
A body of propositions that are adhered to, whether formally or informally, and are routinely used to claim truth. They are organised structures and dynamic processes: generating and representing content, components, classes, or types of knowledge, that are, domain-specific or characterised by domain-relevant features as defined by the user or consumer,, reinforced by a set of logical relationships that connect the content of knowledge to its value (utility),, enhanced by a set of iterative processes that enable the evolution, revision, adaptation, and advances, and,, subject to criteria of relevance, reliability, and quality.
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Africa assessment |
kyoto protocol |
An international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
paired catchment |
Paired catchment studies have been widely used to assess the likely impact of land use change on water yield around the world. Such studies involve the use of two catchments (drainage basins) with similar characteristics in terms of slope, aspect, soils, area, precipitation and vegetation located adjacent to each other. Following a calibration period, where both catchments are monitored, one of the catchments is subjected to treatment and the other remains as a control. This allows the climatic variability to be accounted for in the analysis. The change in water yield can then be attributed to changes in vegetation. The paired catchment studies reported in the literature can be divided into four broad categories: (i) afforestation experiments; (ii) regrowth experiments; (iii) deforestation experiments; and (iv) forest conversion experiments.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
paleological data |
Information on environment event and trends (e.g. paleoclimate).
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
palma ratio |
The share of all income received by the 10% people with highest disposable income divided by the share of all income received by the 40% people with the lowest disposable income (OECD, 2018b).
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
parasite |
An organism that lives on or within another organism of a different species (the host) from which it obtains nourishment and to which it causes harm.
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Pollination assessment |
paris agreement |
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
participatory governance |
A variant or subset of governance which puts emphasis on democratic engagement, in particular through deliberative practices.
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Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
participatory mapping |
A key method that many indigenous communities apply in order to collect data, information and monitoring and to use it in science- policy- society interface processes.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment |
participatory method |
Participatory research methods are a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods geared towards planning and conducting the research process with those people whose life-world and meaningful actions are under study (Bergold & Thomas, 2012). Participatory methods acknowledge the possibility, the significance, and the usefulness of involving research partners in the knowledge-production process (Bergold, 2007).
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
participatory method |
Participatory research methods are a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods geared towards planning and conducting the research process with those people whose life-world and meaningful actions are under study (Bergold & Thomas, 2012). Participatory methods acknowledge the possibility, the significance, and the usefulness of involving research partners in the knowledge- production process.
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Sustainable use assessment |
participatory process |
Specific methods employed to achieve active participation by all members of a group in a decision-making process (Chatty et al., 2003).
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
participatory process |
Specific methods employed to achieve active participation by all members of a group in a decision-making process.
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Sustainable use assessment |
participatory scenario development (and planning) |
Approaches characterised by more interactive, and inclusive, involvement of stakeholders in the formulation and evaluation of scenarios. Aimed at improving the transparency and relevance of decision-making, by incorporating demands and information of each stakeholder, and negotiating outcomes between stakeholders.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
participatory scenario development (and planning) |
Approaches characterized by more interactive, and inclusive, involvement of stakeholders in the formulation and evaluation of scenarios. Aimed at improving the transparency and relevance of decision-making, by incorporating demands and information of each stakeholder, and negotiating outcomes between stakeholders.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
participatory scenario development (and planning) |
Approaches characterised by more interactive, and inclusive, involvement of stakeholders in the formulation and evaluation of scenarios. Aimed at improving the transparency and relevance of decision making, by incorporating demands and information of each stakeholder, and negotiating outcomes between stakeholders.
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Americas assessment, Scenarios and models assessment |
particulate and gaseous pollutant |
Air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and ammonia.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment |
particulate matter |
A mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets (dust, dirt, soot, or smoke) (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2018b).
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
particulate matter |
A mixture of solid particles (dust, dirt, soot, or smoke) and liquid droplets.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment |
particulate matter |
Particulate matter (PM), also known as atmospheric particulate matter, or suspended particulate matter (SPM) are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in Earth's atmosphere. Sources of particulate matter can be natural or anthropogenic. They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
particulate matter |
A mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets (dust, dirt, soot, or smoke).
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Americas assessment |
particulate organic carbon |
The carbon content of particulate organic matter (Fiedler et al., 2008).
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
particulate organic matter |
The large fraction (usually more than 7 micrometers) of soil organic matter (Fiedler et al., 2008).
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
passive restoration |
See restoration.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
pastoralism |
Extensive livestock production in rangelands.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment |
pathway management |
any action taken (single or via systems approach) towards a particular anthropogenic invasive alien species arrival pathway (e.g., trade) to prevent or address the threats and risks of an invasive alien species arriving and establishing via that pathway either between or within jurisdictions
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Invasive alien species assessment |
pathways |
In the context of the IPBES global assessment, trajectories toward the achievement of goals and targets for biodiversity conservation and management of nature and nature’s contributions to people.
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Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
pathways |
“Pathways” consist of descriptions of different strategies for moving from the current situation towards a desired future vision or set of specified targets. They are descriptions of purposive courses of actions that build on each other, from short-term to long-term actions into broader transformation. They are closely related to normative or policy or target-seeking scenarios.
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Values assessment |
pathways |
In the context of the IPBES global assessment, trajectories toward the achievement of goals and targets for biodiversity conservation, the management of nature and nature’s contributions to people, and, more broadly, the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
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Values assessment |
patrimonial species |
A rare or threatened species which needs local management and which may be a flagship species and may have cultural importance (Pervanchon, 2004).
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
payment for ecosystem services |
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are a specific class of approach, used to facilitate voluntary transaction between a provider and a user of a service, conditioned on natural resource management rules for dealing with environmental externalities. PES is created to deal with market failures, environmental externalities, property rights problems and asymmetric information between economic actors.
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Sustainable use assessment |
payment for ecosystem services |
Voluntary transactions that generate offsite services and are established to enable service users to pay resource providers for the conditional provision of the desired ecosystem service.
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Americas assessment |
payment for ecosystem services |
A payment mechanism that involves a series of payments to land or other natural resource owners in return for a guaranteed flow of ecosystem services or certain actions likely to enhance their provision over-and-above what would otherwise be provided in the absence of payment.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
payment for ecosystem services |
Payments for ecosystem services (PES) is a term used to describe a process whereas a beneficiary or user of an ecosystem service makes a direct or indirect payment to a provider of that service. PES involve a series of payments to land or other natural resource owners in return for a guaranteed flow of ecosystem services or certain actions likely to enhance their provision over-¬and-above what would otherwise be provided in the absence of payment.
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peatland |
Wetlands which accumulate organic plant matter in situ because waterlogging prevents aerobic decomposition and the much slower rate of the resulting anaerobic decay is exceeded by the rate of accumulation.
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Asia-Pacific assessment, Americas assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment |
pedosphere |
A part of the Earth’s surface that contains the soil layer.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
pelagic |
Organisms that live in the water column.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |