jevons paradox |
See 'Rebound effect'.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
joint production |
See ‘Co-production’.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
justice |
Justice traditionally refers to the fair treatment of people, or ‘what we owe to each other’, but its scope may also be extended to include duties to other units of nature such as animals, rivers or Pachamama. Source Chapter 1. See Distributive justice, Ecological justice, Environmental justice, Epistemic justice, Procedural justice, Recognition, Retributive justice.
|
Values assessment |
macroecology |
A subfield of ecology that deals with the study of relationships between organisms and their environment at large spatial scales, and involves characterizing and explaining statistical patterns of abundance, distribution and diversity.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
mainstreaming biodiversity |
Mainstreaming means integrating actions related to conservation of biodiversity into strategies relating to production sectors.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
mainstreaming biodiversity |
Mainstreaming, in the context of biodiversity, means integrating actions or policies related to biodiversity into broader development processes or policies such as those aimed at poverty reduction, or tackling climate change.
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Americas assessment, Africa assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
maladaptation |
A trait that is, or has become, more harmful than helpful, in contrast with an adaptation, which is more helpful than harmful (Barnett & O’Neill, 2010).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
malnutrition |
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition covers 2 broad groups of conditions. One is ‘undernutrition’—which includes stunting (low height for age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight (low weight for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals). The other is overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer).
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
managed pollinator |
A kind of pollinator that is maintained by human beings through husbandry (e.g. some honey bees, some leafcutting and orchard bees, some bumble bees). The terms can be broadened to include wild pollinators (q.v.) that flourish by human encouragement.
|
Pollination assessment |
management |
for the purpose of the assessment, any action taken to address the threats, risks, distribution, abundance and impacts of an invasive alien species within a defined geographic area (Hulme, 2006; Pyšek et al., 2020). Management includes prevention, preparedness, eradication, containment, and control
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
management of wild species |
The management of wild species is the management process influencing interactions among and between wild species, its habitats and humans to achieve predefined impacts valued by stakeholders. It attempts to balance the needs of wild species and the preservation of the ecosystems they inhabit with the needs of humans, using the best available sources of knowledge.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
mangrove |
Group of trees and shrubs that live in the coastal intertidal zone. Mangrove forests only grow at tropical and subtropical latitudes near the equator because they cannot withstand freezing temperatures.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
marginal lands |
Land having limitations which in aggregate are severe for sustained application of a given use. On these lands, options are limited for diversification without the use of inputs; inappropriate management of lands may cause irreversible degradation.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
marginal lands |
Land having limitations which in aggregate are severe for sustained application of a given use. On these lands, options are limited for diversification without the use of inputs; inappropriate management of lands may cause irreversible degradation (CGIAR,.
|
|
marginal lands |
Lands less suited for crop or livestock production.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
marginalization |
Marginalization refers to the set of processes through which some individuals and groups face systematic disadvantages in their interactions with dominant social, political and economic institutions. The disadvantages arise from class status, social group identity (kinship, ethnicity, caste and race), political affiliation, gender, age and disability.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
marginalization |
Marginalisation is a complex and multidimensional concept, which simply cannot be seen as a state of being ( a condition of low income or food insecurity) but needs to be considered a process over time with several inter-related elements interacting with social and economic conditions, political standing, and environmental health. A full understanding of the term marginalisation needs to be based on the view that the best judge of poverty and marginalisation are the people experiencing it.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
marginalized community |
Marginalized communities, peoples or populations are groups and communities that experience discrimination and exclusion (social, political and economic) because of unequal power relationships across economic, political, social and cultural dimensions (National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
mariculture |
A branch of aquaculture involving the culture of organisms in a medium or environment which may be completely marine (sea), or sea water mixed to various degrees with fresh water, including brackishwater areas (SIVALINGAM, 1981).
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
market failures |
Refers to situations whereby the market fails to give efficient allocation of resources, due to non-fulfilment of free and competitive market structure.
|
Africa assessment |
market forces |
Refer to economic factors affecting the price of, demand for, and availability of a commodity.
|
Africa assessment |
mass balance (analysis) |
Comparison between input and output mass of materials to solve for losses such as oxidation.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
maximum sustainable yield |
The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) for a given fish stock means the highest possible annual catch that can be sustained over time, by keeping the stock at the level producing maximum growth. The MSY refers to a hypothetical equilibrium state between the exploited population and the fishing activity.
|
Americas assessment |
mean species abundance (species abundance) |
An indicator of naturalness or biodiversity intactness. It is defined as the mean abundance of original species relative to their abundance in undisturbed ecosystems. An MSA (Mean Species Abundance) of 0% means a completely destructed ecosystem, with no original species remaining.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
mechanistic model |
see process-based model.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
mechanistic modelling |
A model with hypothesized relationship between the variables in the dataset where the nature of the relationship is specified in terms of the biological processes that are thought to have given rise to the data.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
megadiverse countries |
17 countries that harbor 70% of the species diversity of the planet. Seven such countries are in the Americas. In alphabetical order: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, USA, Venezuela.
|
Americas assessment |
megadiverse country |
Countries (17) which have been identified as the most biodiversity-rich countries of the world, with a particular focus on endemic biodiversity (UNEP-WCMC, 2014).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
megadiverse country |
Countries (17) which have been identified as the most biodiversity- rich countries of the world, with a particular focus on endemic biodiversity.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
mesic areas |
Synonym for moist areas (IUCN, 2012a).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
meta-analysis |
A quantitative statistical analysis of several separate but similar experiments or studies in order to test the pooled data for statistical significance.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Americas assessment |
metabolic activity |
Chemical transformations that sustain life at the cell level.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
micro-habitat |
The small-scale physical requirements of a particular organism or population.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
micro-plastics |
Plastic debris that are less than five millimeters in length (NOAA, 2018a).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
microevolution |
A change in gene frequency within a population. Evolution at this scale can be observed over short periods of time - for example, between one generation and the next, the frequency of a gene for pesticide resistance in a population of crop pests increases. Such a change might come about because natural selection favored the gene, because the population received new immigrants carrying the gene, because some nonresistant genes mutated to the resistant version, or because of random genetic drift from one generation to the next.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
micronutrients |
Substances that are only needed in very small amounts but essential to organisms to produce enzymes, hormones and other substances fundamental for proper growth and development (WHO, 2015).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
micronutrients |
Substances that are only needed in very small amounts but essential to organisms to produce enzymes, hormones and other substances fundamental for proper growth and development.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
microparticles |
Particles with dimensions between 0.1 and 100 micrometers, e.g. pollen, sand, dust (Vert et al., 2012).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
migration |
Seasonal movement of animals from one region to another for food, breeding, etc.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
millennium ecosystem assessment |
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is a major assessment of the human impact on the environment published in 2005.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Africa assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
millennium ecosystem assessment |
A major assessment of the human impact on the environment published in 2005.
|
Americas assessment |
millennium ecosystem assessment |
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) is a major assessment of the human impact on the environment published in 2005.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
mineral resource extraction |
The removal of a mineral resource in or on the Earth’s crust, which has appropriate form, quality and quantity to allow economic extraction.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
mineralization |
Mineralization in soil science is the decomposition or oxidation of the chemical compounds in organic matter releasing the nutrients contained in those compounds into soluble inorganic forms that may be plant-accessible.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
minimum tillage |
Minimum tillage systems are tillage systems in which the ground is worked very little before the seed is sown, and where crops can be sown almost immediately after the previous crop has been harvested (Rawson & Gómez Macpherson, 2000).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
mining |
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposits. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
mitigation |
In the context of IPBES, an intervention to reduce negative or unsustainable uses of biodiversity and ecosystems.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Africa assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Sustainable use assessment |
mitigation (of climate change) |
A human intervention to reduce emissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.
|
IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change |
mitigation |
Lessening the force or intensity of something that can result in disbenefits.
|
Pollination assessment |
model |
Qualitative or quantitative representations of key components of a system and of relationships between these components. Benchmarking (of models) is the process of systematically comparing sets of model predictions against measured data in order to evaluate model performance. Validation (of models) typically refers to checking model outputs for consistency with observations. However, since models cannot be validated in the formal sense of the term (i.e. proven to be true), some scientists prefer to use the words benchmarking or evaluation. A dynamic model is a model that describes changes through time of a specific process. A process-based model (also known as mechanistic model) is a model in which relationships are described in terms of explicitly stated processes or mechanisms based on established scientific understanding, and model parameters therefore have clear ecological interpretation, defined beforehand. Hybrid models are models that combine correlative and process-based modelling approaches. A correlative model (also known as statistical model) is a model in which available empirical data are used to estimate values for parameters that do not have predefined ecological meaning, and for which processes are implicit rather than explicit. Integrated assessment models are interdisciplinary models that aim to describe the complex relationships between environmental, social, and economic drivers that determine current and future state of the ecosystem and the effects of global change, in order to derive policy-relevant insights. One of the essential characteristics of integrated assessments is the simultaneous consideration of the multiple dimensions of environmental problems.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Africa assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |