jevons paradox |
See 'Rebound effect'.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
joint production |
See ‘Co-production’.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
justice |
Justice traditionally refers to the fair treatment of people, or ‘what we owe to each other’, but its scope may also be extended to include duties to other units of nature such as animals, rivers or Pachamama. Source Chapter 1. See Distributive justice, Ecological justice, Environmental justice, Epistemic justice, Procedural justice, Recognition, Retributive justice.
|
Values assessment |
lag phase |
the time between when an alien species arrives in a new area and the onset of the phase of rapid, or exponential, increase. Multiple factors are frequently implicated in the persistence or dissolution of the lag phase in biological invasions, including an initial shortage of suitable sites, the absence or shortage of essential mutualists, inadequate genetic diversity, and reduction in competition or predation (due to other alterations in the resident biota)
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
land abandonment |
Land abandonment occurs when a particular land use ceases, and there is no clearly- defined subsequent land use practice. It is often associated with poorly defined ownership and/or land use governance.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
land cover |
The physical coverage of land, usually expressed in terms of vegetation cover or lack of it. Related to, but not synonymous with, land use.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
land cover |
The observed (bio)physical cover on the earth's surface.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Land degradation and restoration assessment |
land cover |
The physical coverage of land, usually expressed in terms of vegetation cover or lack of it. Related to, but not synonymous with, land use (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).
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|
land cover |
The surface cover on the ground, whether vegetation, urban infrastructure, water, bare soil or other. Identifying, delineating and mapping land cover is important for global monitoring studies, resource management, and planning activities. Identification of land cover establishes the baseline from which monitoring activities (change detection) can be performed, and provides the ground cover information for baseline thematic maps.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
land degradation |
Refers to the many processes that drive the decline or loss in biodiversity, ecosystem functions or their benefits to people and includes the degradation of all terrestrial ecosystems.
|
Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Africa assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
land degradation neutrality |
A state whereby the amount of healthy and productive land resources, necessary to support ecosystem services, remains stable or increases within specified temporal and spatial scales.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
land degradation |
Refers to the many processes that drive the decline or loss in biodiversity, ecosystem functions or services and includes the degradation of all terrestrial ecosystems.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
land grabbing |
See ‘Grabbing (of wild species and space)’.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
land grabbing |
See ‘Large scale land acquisition'.
|
|
land grabbing |
The large-scale acquisition of land (especially in developing countries), driven primarily by concerns about food and energy security of high-income countries and often executed by the private sector.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
land sharing and sparing |
Concepts used to describe, in general terms, spatial-temporal arrangements of agricultural and non-agricultural areas. Land sharing is a situation where farming practices enable biodiversity to be maintained within agricultural landscapes. Land sparing, also called land separation involves restoring or creating non-farmland habitat in agricultural landscapes at the expense of field-level agricultural production - for example, woodland, natural grassland, wetland, and meadow on arable land. This approach does not necessarily imply high-yield farming of the non-restored, remaining agricultural land. See also 'Conservation agriculture'.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
land sharing |
A situation where low-yield farming enables biodiversity to be maintained within agricultural landscapes.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
land sparing |
Also called Land separation involves restoring or creating non-farmland habitat in agricultural landscapes at the expense of field-level agricultural production - for example, woodland, natural grassland, wetland, and meadow on arable land. This approach does not necessarily imply high- yield farming of the non restored, remaining agricultural land. (From Rey Benayas & Bullock, 2012). See also Conservation agriculture in this Glossary.
|
Americas assessment |
land sparing |
Land sparing, also called land separation involves restoring or creating non-farmland habitat in agricultural landscapes at the expense of field-level agricultural production - for example, woodland, natural grassland, wetland, and meadow on arable land. This approach does not necessarily imply high-yield farming of the non-restored, remaining agricultural land. See also Conservation agriculture.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
land tenure |
The relationship, whether legally or customarily defined, among people, as individuals or groups, with respect to land.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
land transformation |
A process whereby the biotic community of an area is substantially altered or substituted by another, along with the underlying ecological and human processes responsible for its persistence, often as a result of a deliberate decision to change the purpose for which the land is used.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
land use change |
Land use refers to the modification or management of natural environments into human dominated environments, such as settlements, semi-natural and agricultural areas.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
land use change |
See Land use.
|
Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
land use intensification |
Activities undertaken with the intention of enhancing the productivity or profitability per unit area of rural land use, including intensification of particular land uses as well as changes between land uses (Martin et al., 2018).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
land use |
The human use of a specific area for a certain purpose (such as residential, agriculture, recreation, industrial, etc.). Influenced by, but not synonymous with, land cover. Land-use change refers to a change in the use or management of land by humans, which may lead to a change in land cover.
|
Africa assessment, Pollination assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Americas assessment |
land use |
The human use of a specific area for a certain purpose (such as residential; agriculture; recreation; industrial, etc.). Influenced by, but not synonymous with, land cover. Land use change refers to a change in the use or management of land by humans, whi.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
landrace |
A breed that has largely developed through adaptation to the natural environment and traditional production system in which it has been raised (FAO, 2013).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
landscape composition |
The abundances of patch types represented within a landscape. Composition is not spatially explicit because it refers only to the variety and abundance of patch types, but not their placement or location (dispersion) in the landscape.
|
Pollination assessment |
landscape configuration |
The distribution, size and abundances of patch types represented within a landscape. Configuration is spatially explicit because it refers not only to the variety and abundance of patch types, but also to their placement or location (dispersion) in the landscape.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
landscape functioning |
The capacity or potential of landscapes to provide services (Bolliger & Kienast, 2010).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
landscape heterogeneity |
Landscape heterogeneity is a complex phenomenon involving the size, shape and composition of different landscape units and the spatial (and temporal) relations between them (G. Cale & J. Hobbs, 1994).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
landscape heterogeneity |
Landscape heterogeneity is a complex phenomenon involving the size, shape and composition of different landscape units and the spatial (and temporal) relations between them.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
landscape planning |
An activity concerned with reconciling competing land uses while protecting natural processes and significant cultural and natural resources.
|
Pollination assessment |
landscape socio-ecological approach |
The landscape scale approach incorporates the socio-ecological system, including natural and human-modified ecosystems, influenced by ecological, historical, economic, and socio-cultural processes. The landscape includes an array of stakeholders small enough to be manageable, but large enough to deliver multiple functions for stakeholders with differing interests.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
landscape |
A human-defined area ranging in size from c. 3 km2 to c. 3002 km. Landscape is spatially heterogeneous in at least one factor of interest and often consists of a mosaic of interacting ecosystems.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
landscape |
An area delineated by an actor for a specific set of objectives, constitutes an area in which entities, including humans, interact according to rules (physical, biological, and social) that determine their relationships; Place-based systems that result from interactions between people, land, institutions (laws, rules and regulations) and values. Interactive aspects that define a landscape are functional interactions, negotiated spaces and multiple scales.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment |
landscape |
An area of land that contains a mosaic of ecosystems, including human-dominated ecosystems.
|
Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
large scale land acquisition |
The control (whether through ownership, lease, concession, contracts, quotas, or general power) of larger than locally-typical amounts of land by any persons or entities (public or private, foreign or domestic) via any means (‘legal’ or ‘illegal’) for purposes of speculation, extraction, resource control or commodification at the expense of agroecology, land stewardship, food sovereignty and human rights. It is sometimes also called land grabbing.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
large scale land acquisition |
See ‘Grabbing (of wild species and space)’.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
law of the sea |
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), in force since 1994, defines the rights and obligations of nations (167 at present) with regard to the use of the world's oceans and their resources, and the protection of the marine and coastal environment. The UNCLOS also defines national marine jurisdiction on maritime territories and provides guidelines related to the use and management of marine environment and resources.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
leaching |
The dissolution and movement of dissolved substances by water.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
leaf area index |
The total area of green leaves per unit area of ground covered (FAO, 2018a).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
leakage |
An environmentally damaging activity that is relocated elsewhere after being stopped locally.
|
Americas assessment |
leakage effect |
Phenomena whereby the reduction in emissions (relative to a baseline) in a jurisdiction/sector associated with the implementation of mitigation policy is offset to some degree by an increase outside the jurisdiction/sector through induced changes in consumption, production, prices, land use and/or trade across the jurisdictions/sectors. Leakage can occur at a number of levels, be it a project, state, province, nation or world region.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
learning (traditional and formal) |
Learning refers to the process of knowledge and skills acquisition. Studies on learning have payed attention to the different ways people acquire knowledge, practices, and beliefs (i.e. imitation, copying, trial-and-error), but also to the dynamics of kn.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
learning (traditional and formal) |
Learning refers to the process of knowledge and skills acquisition. Studies on learning have payed attention to the different ways people acquire knowledge, practices, and beliefs (i.e. imitation, copying, trial-and-error), but also to the dynamics of knowledge transmission, or the different sources from which knowledge, practices, and beliefs are passed from one individual to another (i.e. from parents, peers, teachers, prestigious peoples, media, etc.). Social learning is defined as the acquisition of new information by copying others, and it is a key human strategy that allows for the accumulation of culturally transmitted knowledge.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
legal and regulatory instrument |
see “Policy instruments”.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
legal personality |
any entity that has the ability to conclude and negotiate international agreements in accordance with its external commitments; become a member of international organizations; join international conventions, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, stipulated in Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
legal pluralism |
Legal pluralism is a sensitizing concept for situations in which people draw upon several legal systems, irrespective of their status within the state legal system.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
level of resolution |
Degree of detail captured in an analysis. A high level of resolution implies a highly detailed analysis, usually associated with finer spatial and temporal scales. A low level of resolution implies a less detailed analysis, usually associated with coarser spatial and temporal scales.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |