Glossary definitions

Linear areas of land within or at the edges of fields, farms, or other areas (rights of way, riparian areas, etc.) where plants are encouraged to grow, often for the benefit of various beneficial animals (e.g. predators of pests, biological control agents, pollinators and other wildlife).

Institutional arrangements can be seem as different (in)formal regimes and coalitions for collective action and inter-agent coordination, ranging from public-private cooperation and contracting schemes to organizational networking and policy arrangements.

The set of abilities which a given institution can use to achieve policy goals. Examples include the ability to collaborate with local communities, design scientifically sound restoration interventions, or foresee secondary effects of policies.

These are often catalogued as (i) law and policy failures (e.g. perverse subsidies), (ii) market failures (externalities in the use of public goods and services), (iii) organizational failure (e.g. lack of transparency and political legitimacy in decision-making) and (iv) informal institutional failures (e.g. break of collective action norms due to erosion of trust.

see Drivers, institutions and governance systems and other indirect drivers.

Encompass all formal and informal interactions among stakeholders and social structures that determine how decisions are taken and implemented, how power is exercised, and how responsibilities are distributed.

Encompasses all formal and informal interactions among stakeholders and social structures that determine how decisions are taken and implemented, how power is exercised, and how responsibilities are distributed.

Institutions are the (informal) conventions and norms, and (formal) legal rules which influence choices at all levels of society. The concept also encompasses the notions of habits and practices, referencing to the habituation of conventions and norms. Institutions structure both formal and informal interactions among people and organizations and influence human-nature relationships. As social structures, they shape how decisions are made and implemented and how responsibilities are distributed. Institutions are power-carriers as they shape people's identities and behaviour regarding particular values and interests. See Value-articulating institution.

Also known as extrinsic value or contributory value, it is the value of objects, both physical objects and abstract objects, not as ends-in- themselves, but as means of achieving something else. It is often contrasted with items of intrinsic value. It is studied in the field of value theory.

The direct and indirect contribution of nature's benefits to the achievement of a good quality of life.

The direct and indirect contribution of nature's benefits to the achievement of a good quality of life. Within the specific framework of the total economic value, instrumental values can be classified into use (direct and indirect use values) on the one hand, and non-use values (option, bequest and existence values) on the other. Sometimes option values are considered as use values as well.

The value attributed to something as a means to achieving a particular end.

See values.

Any area of habitat suitable for a specific ecosystem, surrounded by an expanse of unfavorable habitat that limits the dispersal of individuals. Insular systems can be either physical islands or isolated habitats (e.g. resulting of fragmentation).

The importance attributed to ecosystem resilience, including the role of biodiversity in maintaining the integrity of ecosystems as functioning systems, and their capacity to deliver ecosystem services and associated values.

Interdisciplinary models that aim to describe the complex relationships between environmental, social, and economic drivers that determine current and future state of the ecosystem and the effects of global change, in order to derive policy-relevant insights. One of the essential characteristics of integrated assessments is the simultaneous consideration of the multiple dimensions of environmental problems.

Interdisciplinary models that aim to describe the complex relationships between environmental, social, and economic drivers that determine current and future state of the ecosystem and the effects of global change, in order to derive policy-relevant insights. One of the essential characteristics of integrated assessments is the simultaneous consideration of the multiple dimensions of environmental problems.

See models.

establishment of relationships between the roles of actors, institutions and instruments, and involving as appropriate all those elements of the socio-ecological system that characterize biological invasion and its management, for the purpose of identifying the strategic interventions needed to improve invasive alien species prevention and control outcomes (definition originated from this assessment, from the thinking on integrated environmental governance).

Refers to long-term collaboration among different groups of land managers and stakeholders to achieve the multiple objectives required from the landscape.

A broadly-based approach that integrates various practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (i.e. to below the level that the costs of further control outweigh the benefits derived). It involves careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and then integration of appropriate measures to discourage development of pest populations while keeping pesticides and other interventions to economically justifiable levels with minimal risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro- ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection that combines different management strategies and practices to grow healthy crops and minimize the use of pesticides (FAO, 2018b).

Is also known as Integrated Pest Control (IPC). It is a broadly-based approach that integrates various practices for economic control of pests (q.v.). IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (i.e. to below the level that the costs of further control outweigh the benefits derived). It involves careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and then integration of appropriate measures to discourage development of pest populations while keeping pesticides and other interventions to economically justifiable levels with minimal risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

Also known as Integrated Pest Control, it is a broadly-based approach that integrates various practices for economic control of pests (q.v.). Integrated pest management aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (i.e. to below the level that the costs of further control outweigh the benefits derived). It involves careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and then integration of appropriate measures to discourage development of pest populations while keeping pesticides and other interventions to economically justifiable levels with minimal risks to human health and the environment. Integrated pest management emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agroecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

Also known as integrated pest control. It is a broadly-based approach that integrates various practices for economic control of pests. Integrated pest management (or IPM) aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (i.e. to below the level that the costs of further control outweigh the benefits derived). It involves careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and then integration of appropriate measures to discourage development of pest populations while keeping pesticides and other interventions to economically justifiable levels with minimal risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human and animal health and the environment. Integrated pest management emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms (FAO, 2017a). This management method seeks control using the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment

an integrated approach to planning and implementing future options to reduce the spread and limit the impact of biological invasions considers the fact that (1) multiple levels of governance are relevant, (2) diverse actors and decision-makers are involved, (3) the invasion process is multi-staged, and (4) drivers of invasion are multiple and interacting

The process of collecting, synthesizing, and communicating knowledge about the ways in which people ascribe importance and meaning of nature's contributions, to facilitate deliberation and agreement for decision-making and planning.

The process of collecting, synthesizing, and communicating knowledge about the ways in which people ascribe importance and meaning of NCP to humans, to facilitate deliberation and agreement for decision-making and planning.

The process of collecting, synthesizing, and communicating knowledge about the ways in which people ascribe importance and meaning of NCP to humans, to facilitate deliberation and agreement for decision making and planning.

See values.

A process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.

An umbrella legal term used in national and international forums to identify indigenous peoples’ rights to protect their specific cultural knowledge and intellectual property.

Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time. Intellectual property rights are customarily divided into two main areas: rights related to copyright, and industrial property.

Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time. Intellectual property rights are customarily divided into two main areas: rights related to copyright and industrial property.

Intensive agriculture involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area. It is characterized by a low fallow ratio, higher use of inputs such as capital and labor, and higher crop yields per unit land area.

Grazing lands that are managed primarily for livestock production with few other uses of the land other than dispersed crops.

Those that are managed intensively for livestock production with few other uses of the land and cover approximately 9% of global grazing lands.

Inter-generational equity stipulates the rights and obligations of the current and future generations regarding the use of the environment. In the context of sustainable development, the Brundtland Report conceptualised it as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Inter-generational equity stipulates the rights and obligations of the current and future generations regarding the use of the environment. In the context of sustainable development, the Brundtland Report conceptualized it as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

Mutual or reciprocal action or influence.

Refers to growing two or more crops in the same field at the same time (FAO, 2018a).

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) suggests that local species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent (Connell, 1978).

See scenarios.

Scenarios that evaluate alternative policy or management options - either through target seeking (also known as goal seeking or normative scenario analysis”) or through policy screening (also known as ex-ante assessment”).

Intra-generational equity relates to notions of fairness and justice across the communities and states within the present generation.

Intra-generational equity relates to notions of fairness and justice across the communities and states within the present generation. Inter- generational equity stipulates the rights and obligations of the current and future generations regarding the use of the environment. In the context of sustainable development, the Brundtland Report conceptualized it as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

The ethical or philosophical value that an object has, in and of itself. It is the actual value of an asset based on underlying perceptions of both tangible and intangible factors.

The value inherent to nature, independent of human experience and evaluation, and therefore beyond the scope of anthropocentric valuation approaches.

This concept refers to inherent value, that is the value something has independent of any human experience or evaluation. Such a value is viewed as an inherent property of the entity and not ascribed or generated by external valuing agents.