urbanization |
The process by which villages, towns, cities and other built-up areas grow or by which societies become more urban.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Pollination assessment |
use of wild species |
The wild species uses are defined through the practices of fishing, gathering, terrestrial animal harvesting, logging, and non-extractive practices. For the purposes of this assessment, the use of wild species have been divided into different categories, which are not mutually exclusive: ceremony and ritual expression, decorative and aesthetic, energy, food and feed, learning and education, materials and construction, medicine and hygiene, recreation and other: companionship.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
users |
Stakeholders who use the products of an assessment, such as decision-makers.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
usufruct right |
A legal right accorded to a person or party that confers the temporary right to use and derive income or benefit from someone else’s property.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
water footprint |
The measure of humanity's use of fresh water as represented in volumes of water consumed and/or polluted.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
water footprint |
The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use. It can be measured for a single process, such as growing rice, for a product, such as a pair of jeans, for the fuel we put in our car, or for an entire.
|
|
water grabbing |
A situation where powerful actors are able to take control of, or reallocate to their own benefits, water resources already used by local communities or feeding aquatic ecosystems on which their livelihoods are based (Mehta et al., 2012).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
water logging |
An excess of water on top and/or within the soil, leading to reduced air availability in the soil for long periods.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water purification |
Vegetation, and specially aquatic plants, can assist in removing sediments and nutrients and other impurities from water.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water security index |
The ratio of total water withdrawal to the water availability including environmental flow requirements. Higher WSI values lead to decreasing water security.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water security |
The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of and acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.
|
|
water security |
The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of and acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution, water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water security |
The reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
water security |
The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of and acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio- economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.
|
Africa assessment, Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
water stress |
Physiological stress experienced by a plant as a result of a lack of available moisture or a low water potential in the surrounding soil; an instance of this. Economic or political pressures in a country or region as a result of insufficient access to fresh water.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment |
water stress |
Water stress occurs in an organism when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Africa assessment, Americas assessment |
water table |
The upper surface of the zone of ground water.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water use efficiency |
The ratio between effective water use and actual water withdrawal. In irrigation, it represents the ratio between estimated plant water requirements (through evapotranspiration) and actual water withdrawal.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
weed |
A plant that is a pest (q.v.) in a particular circumstance.
|
Pollination assessment |
welfare |
See 'Social welfare'.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
welfare |
The provision of a minimal level of well- being (q.v.) and social support for all citizens.
|
Pollination assessment |
well established (certainty term (q.v.)) |
Consensus from a comprehensive meta- analysis7 or other synthesis, or multiple independent studies that agree.
|
Pollination assessment |
wellbeing (human) |
Human well-being is a state in which there is opportunity for satisfying social relationships and where human needs are met, where one can act meaningfully to pursue one's goals and where one enjoys a satisfactory quality of life”.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic materials for a good life, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relations, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relationships, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Human well-being is a state of being with others and the environment. Well-being is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and everyone can enjoy a good quality of life. The concept of human well-being is used in many western societies and its variants, together with living in harmony with nature, and living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relationships, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Well-being is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and can enjoy a good quality of life. The concept of human well- being is used in many western societies and its variants, together with living in harmony with nature, and living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth. All these are different perspectives on a good quality of life.
|
Africa assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relationships, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Well-being is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and can enjoy a good quality of life. The concept of human well-being is used in many western societies and its variants, together with living in harmony with nature, and living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth. All these are different perspectives on a good quality of life.
|
Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relations, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Human wellbeing is a state of being with others and the environment. Wellbeing is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and everyone can enjoy a good quality of life.
|
Pollination assessment |
wellbeing (human) |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical, including psychological, well- being, good social relationships, security, equity, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Well-being is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and can enjoy a good quality of life. The concept of human well-being is used in many western societies and its variants, together with living in harmony with nature, and living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth. All these are different perspectives on a good quality of life.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
western culture |
(Also called modern science, Western scientific knowledge or international science) is used in the context of the IPBES conceptual framework as a broad term to refer to knowledge typically generated in universities, research institutions and private firms following paradigms and methods typically associated with the scientific method consolidated in Post-Renaissance Europe on the basis of wider and more ancient roots. It is typically transmitted through scientific journals and scholarly books. Some of its central tenets are observer independence, replicable findings, systematic scepticism, and transparent research methodologies with standard units and categories.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
western culture |
(Also called modern science, Western scientific knowledge or international science) is used in the context of the IPBES conceptual framework as a broad term to refer to knowledge typically generated in universities, research institutions and private firms following paradigms and methods typically associated with the ‘scientific method’ consolidated in Post-Renaissance Europe on the basis of wider and more ancient roots. It is typically transmitted through scientific journals and scholarly books. Some of its central tenets are observer independence, replicable findings, systematic scepticism, and transparent research methodologies with standard units and categories.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
western science |
(Also called modern science, Western scientific knowledge or international science) is used in the context of the IPBES conceptual framework as a broad term to refer to knowledge typically generated in universities, research institutions and private firms following paradigms and methods typically associated with the ‘scientific method' consolidated in Post-Renaissance Europe on the basis of wider and more ancient roots. It is typically transmitted through scientific journals and scholarly books. Some of its central tenets are observer independence, replicable findings, systematic scepticism, and transparent research methodologies with standard units and categories.
|
Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
western science |
Also called modern science, Western scientific knowledge or international science, and used in the context of the IPBES conceptual framework as a broad term to refer to knowledge typically generated in universities, research institutions and private firms following paradigms and methods typically associated with the scientific method consolidated in Post-Renaissance Europe on the basis of wider and more ancient roots. It is typically transmitted through scientific journals and scholarly books. Some of its central tenets are observer independence, replicable findings, systematic scepticism, and transparent research methodologies with standard units and categories.
|
|
wetland |
Areas that are subject to inundation or soil saturation at a frequency and duration, such that the plant communities present are dominated by species adapted to growing in saturated soil conditions, and/or that the soils of the area are chemically and physically modified due to saturation and indicate a lack of oxygen; such areas are frequently termed peatlands, marshes, swamps, sloughs, fens, bogs, wet meadows, etc.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
widespread species |
species that are able to maintain viable populations across a range of environments leading to a large range size. Widespread species are likely to experience a large range of ecological and climatic conditions within their range. A large niche width – based on the current distribution of a species – seems to be a general pattern in widespread species
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
wild food |
Wild foods are food products obtained from non-domesticated species.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
wild habitat |
See 'Natural habitat'.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
wild habitat |
See “Natural habitat”.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
wild meat |
Wild meat is defined as meat for human consumption derived from wild species.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
wild pollinator |
A pollinator that can live without human husbandry. Some may depend on agricultural settings for survival.
|
Pollination assessment |
wild relative |
Wild species related to crops, including crop progenitors.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
wild species |
Wild species refers to populations of any species that have not been domesticated through multigenerational selection for particular traits, and which can survive independently of human intervention that may occur in any environment. This does not imply a complete absence of human management and recognizes various intermediate states between wild and domesticated. This assessment excludes feral and introduced populations.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
wild species watching |
Wild species watching is defined as a non-extractive practice where humans observe, and in some cases interact, with wild species in their natural environment in a way that does not involve the harvest or removal of any part of the organism. Wild species watching activities vary greatly in the level of wild species involvement, ranging from photographing animals from afar to more invasive practices of habituating, feeding and touching animals (UNEP/CMS, 2006, p. 2006). Wild species watching also is an economically important segment of nature-based tourism.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
wilderness |
Ecosystems, landscapes and seascapes with a very low degree of human influence, at present with full recognition that they are often inhabited and managed by people, and have been so for centuries or millennia, often at low population densities, and therefore their native biodiversity and ecological and evolutionary processes have not been reconfigured by human drivers to a significant degree. Not all areas designated as wilderness conform to this definition, especially in Europe where abandoned agricultural areas ‘managed’ by ‘wild living’ large herbivores are also called wilderness. Some wilderness areas in the world show transition to cultural landscapes with low human influence.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
willingness-to-accept |
Estimate of the amount people are prepared to accept in exchange for a certain state or good (e.g. WTA for protection of an endangered species).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
willingness-to-pay |
Estimate of the amount people are prepared to pay in exchange for a certain state or good (e.g. WTP for protection of an endangered species).
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
willingness-to-pay |
the stated price that an individual would accept to pay for avoiding the loss or the diminution of an environmental service
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
woody encroachment |
Increasing dominance of shrubs in grasslands and trees in shrublands.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
world heritage site |
A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties. The sites are judged important to the collective interests of humanity.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
worldview |
Defined by the connections between networks of concepts and systems of knowledge, values, norms and beliefs. Individual person's worldviews are moulded by the community the person belongs to. Practices are embedded in worldviews and are intrinsically part of them (e.g. through rituals, institutional regimes, social organization, but also in environmental policies, in development choices, etc.). See also Perceptions; Concepts; Reality in this Glossary.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |