Glossary definitions

Seascape can be defined as a spatially heterogeneous area of coastal environment (i.e. intertidal, brackish) that can be perceived as a mosaic of patches, a spatial gradient, or some other geometric patterning. The tropical coastal seascape often includes a patchwork of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs that produces a variety of natural resources and ecosystem services.

livelihoods, survival and well-being in a sustainable manner.

adj. Pertaining to particular season (spring, summer, autumn, winter, rainy, dry etc.) or recurring in relation to particular seasons.

Regenerating forest after disturbance, such as fire or clear-cutting (IUCN, 2012a).

Regenerating forest after disturbance, such as fire or clear-cutting.

A distinct part of society, or of a nation's economy.

The process by which a nomadic group transitions to a lifestyle of living in one place.

Refers to the upper part of continental slopes. See 'Continental slope'.

The effect of any feature of the environment that results in natural selection, e.g. food shortage, predator activity, competition from members of the same or other species (Lawrence, 2005).

Selective hunting, in this assessment, refers to situations where hunters focus on particular species, or on individual animals within a population that have particular attributes, e.g. large size, large horns or antlers.

Extracting one or a few tree species instead of for example clearcutting of forests. Trees are only felled when they reach a particular height. This allows young trees a guaranteed life span and the forest will regain full maturity after around 30-50 years.

An ecosystem with most of its processes and biodiversity intact, though altered by human activity in strength or abundance relative to the natural state.

Characteristics that make a place special or unique, as well as to those that foster a sense of authentic human attachment and belonging (Casey, 2001).

Characteristics that make a place special or unique, as well as to those that foster a sense of authentic human attachment and belonging.

selected locations with heightened levels of detection and effective reporting through concentration of activities on subpopulations to enhance detection and improve cost-effectiveness of invasive alien species surveillance efforts

Attached or stationary, as opposed to free-living or motile (Lawrence, 2005).

Fields removed from agricultural production for various durations. Set-aside policy and management reduced the extent of agricultural production surpluses, resulted in soil improvement, landscape and farm diversification, and conservation of nature. Also sometimes referred to as fallow.

Sewage (or domestic wastewater or municipal wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced from a community of people.

Natural gas from shale formations (European Commission, 2018).

A system that links people to the vital forces of nature, especially the soul or inner-self of non-humans or nature spirits, through the mediation of a specialist, the shaman. Shamans are generally trained through enduring experiences including the consumption of psychotropic substances that lead them to experience spiritual connections that are mobilized to combat illness and any dangers that may affect their community.

Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) describe alternative socioeconomic futures in the absence of climate policy intervention, comprising sustainable development (SSP1), regional rivalry (SSP3), inequality (SSP4), fossil-fuelled development (SSP5) and middle-of- the-road development (SSP2). The combination of SSP-based socio- economic scenarios and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)-based climate projections provides an integrative frame for climate impact and policy analysis.

Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) describe alternative socio- economic futures in the absence of climate policy intervention, comprising sustainable development (SSP1), regional rivalry (SSP3), inequality (SSP4), fossil-fuelled development (SSP5) and middle-of-the-road development (SSP2). The combination of SSP-based socio-economic scenarios and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)-based climate projections provides an integrative frame for climate impact and policy analysis.

Narratives outlining broad characteristics of the global future and country-level population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), urbanisation projections based on five alternative socio- economic developments (i.e. sustainable development), regional rivalry, inequality, fossil-fuelled development, and middle-of-the- road development. The SSPs are supported by key quantitative indicators and metrics, describing trends in demographics, human development, economy and lifestyle, policies and institutions, technology, environment and natural resources.

Shared values are the broad and specific values that people express collectively, in groups, communities, and across society as a whole. They can be formed through long-term processes of socialisation and shorter-term processes such as group deliberations.

See 'Continental shelf'.

An agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned to regenerate soil fertility by the regeneration of natural vegetation. The system involves 1) the removal of the natural vegetation (usually forest or shrub land) in most cases (though not exclusively) by cutting and subsequent burning, mulching, or their combinations (such as in slash-and-burn, slash-and-mulch); 2) an alternation between a short duration of cultivation and a comparatively long duration of bush or forest fallow (such as in swidden agroforestry); and 3) the regular, in most cases cyclical, shifting of field (Erni, 2015). Shifting cultivation systems are found around the world, particularly in tropical areas, in a wide range of soils and vegetation types, under a diversity of land and resource management, using different crops and cultivation methods, and are practiced by innumerous Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities.

Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.

An agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned to regenerate soil fertility by the regeneration of natural vegetation. The system involves 1) the removal of the natural vegetation (usually forest or shrub land) in most cases (though not exclusively) by cutting and subsequent burning, mulching, or their combinations (such as in slash-and-burn, slash-and- mulch); 2) an alternation between a short duration of cultivation and a comparatively long duration of bush or forest fallow (such as in swidden agroforestry); and 3) the regular, in most cases cyclical, shifting of field (Erni, 2015). Shifting cultivation systems are found around the world, particularly in tropical areas, in a wide range of soils and vegetation types, under a diversity of land and resource management, using different crops and cultivation methods, and are practiced by innumerous Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities.

A building or other construction associated with a Japanese religion (Shinto) which incorporate the worship of ancestors and nature spirits.

The applied science of forest ecology and management. The foundation is based on silvics, which is concerned with the development and growth of trees and forests. The practice of silviculture is rooted in a broad understanding of forested ecosystems, which includes biometeorology, hydrology, geology and soils and ecology.

The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health and quality of forest and woodlands to meet the targeted diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis.

Combination of livestock-cattle, sheep, goats, other ruminants-with trees or other woody perennials and forages on the same unit of land.

programmes that aim to manage the impacts of invasive alien species within a site/area through both implementation of control measures and where necessary restoration (sometimes referred to as asset protection) e.g., within high value protected sites/areas.

See ‘Shifting cultivation’.

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Traditional fishing performed by family units rather than commercial units, using a relatively small amount of capital and energy, and carrying out short fishing trips close to coasts and mainly for local consumption (FAO, 2018a).

Small-scale fisheries are defined as a category of capture fishery that generally present (some of) the following characteristics: (i) low capital investment, (ii) high labor activities often family or community-based, (iii) no vessel or small size vessel (< 12m and < 10 GT), (iv) relatively low production, which is household consumed or locally and directly sold and (v) operating close to the shoreline on a single day basis.

A Hindu religious text containing traditional teachings on religion.

see “Policy instruments”.

defined as interactions among individuals, normally within the same species, that are usually beneficial to one or more of the individuals. It is believed that social behaviour evolved because it was beneficial to those who engaged in it, which means that these individuals were more likely to survive and reproduce. Social behaviour serves many purposes and is exhibited by an extraordinary wide variety of animals, including invertebrates, fish, birds, and mammals. Thus, social behaviour is not only displayed by animals possessing well-developed brains and nervous systems.

As used in the global assessment, social capital refers to networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Put together, these networks and understandings engender trust and so enable people to work together.

As used in the global assessment, social capital refers to networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Put together, these networks and understandings engender trust and so enable peo.

Networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Social capital represents the capacity of a community (local or international like the UN) to gather and achieve common goals.

Emphasizes that social/cultural processes behind the creation of artefacts, values and institutions. To the extent that these constructs influence people’s identity and personality, one talks of social construction of the human.

A state whereby resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.

Social learning is both the cooperation of partners and the outcome of this cooperation that occurs most efficiently through joint problem solving and reflection within learning networks can be reinforced by experiences.

The process in which individuals or people are systematically blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration and observance of human rights within that particular group (e.g. housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement, democratic participation and due process).

A network of social interactions and personal relationships.

A social norm is what people in some group believe to be normal in the group, that is, believed to be a typical action, an appropriate action, or both (Gerry Mackie et al., 2015).

A social norm is what people in some group believe to be normal in the group, that is, believed to be a typical action, an appropriate action, or both.