exploitation |
The consumptive use of any natural resources.
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Sustainable use assessment |
exploratory scenario |
See scenario.
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exploratory scenario |
Scenarios that examine a range of plausible futures, based on potential trajectories of drivers - either indirect (e.g. socio-political, economic and technological factors) or direct (e.g. habitat conversion, climate change).
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Scenarios and models assessment |
exploratory scenario |
Scenarios that examine a range of plausible futures, based on potential trajectories of drivers - either indirect (e.g. socio-political, economic and technological factors) or direct (e.g. habitat conversion, climate change).
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Sustainable use assessment |
exposure |
The state of having no protection from something potential harmful.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
extensive forest management |
Low or no input in regeneration or site amelioration is practiced in sparsely populated regions with large forest areas, such as boreal forests (Taiga) of Canada and Siberia, and across much of the world´s major tropical forest biomes.
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extensive grazing |
Extensive grazing is that in which livestock are raised on food that comes mainly from natural grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts. It differs from intensive grazing, where the animal feed comes mainly from artificial, seeded pastures.
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Asia-Pacific assessment, Americas assessment |
extensive grazing (lands) |
A form of grazing in which livestock are raised on food that comes mainly from natural grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands and deserts. It differs from intensive grazing, where the animal feed comes mainly from artificial, seeded pastures.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
extent (spatial or temporal) |
see spatial scale and temporal scale”.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
externality |
A positive or negative consequence (benefits or costs) of an action that affects someone other than the agent undertaking that action and for which the agent is neither compensated nor penalized through the markets.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Americas assessment |
externality |
an economic concept of uncompensated environmental effects of production and consumption that affect consumer utility and enterprise cost outside the market mechanism
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Invasive alien species assessment |
extinction |
A population, species or more inclusive taxonomic group has gone extinct when all its individuals have died. A species may go extinct locally (population extinction), regionally ( extinction of all populations in a country, continent or ocean) or globally. Populations or species reduced to such low numbers that they are no longer of economic or functional importance may be said to have gone economically or functionally extinct, respectively. Species extinctions are typically not documented immediately: for example, the IUCN Red List categories and criteria require there to be no reasonable doubt that all individuals have died, before a species is formally listed as Extinct (see IUCN Red List).
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Sustainable use assessment |
extinction debt |
The future extinction of species due to events in the past, owing to a time lag between an effect such as habitat destruction or climate change, and the subsequent disappearance of species.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Pollination assessment |
extinction |
A population, species or more inclusive taxonomic group has gone extinct when all its individuals have died. A species may go extinct locally (population extinction), regionally (e.g. extinction of all populations in a country, continent or ocean) or glo.
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extinction |
The evolutionary termination of a species caused by the failure to reproduce and the death of all remaining members of the species; the natural failure to adapt to environmental change.
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Americas assessment |
extractive practice |
Extractive practices are defined as the temporary or permanent removal of organisms, part of them or materials derived from them, and may result in mortality of the individual to be used (hunting or whole plant harvest), but does not necessarily do so (e.g. limited collection of plant propagules or shearing and releasing of vicuna).
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Sustainable use assessment |
extractives |
Hydrocarbons (oil and gas) and minerals.
|
Americas assessment |
radiative forcing |
The measurement of the capacity of a gas or other forcing agents to affect that energy balance, thereby contributing to climate change. Put more simply, RF expresses the change in energy in the atmosphere due to GHG emissions.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
ramsar convention on wetlands |
The Convention on Wetlands, called the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
ramsar convention on wetlands |
The Convention on Wetlands, called the Ramsar Convention, of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.
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Sustainable use assessment |
ramsar site |
A wetland site designated of international importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental environment treaty established in 1975 by UNESCO, coming into force in 1975. A wetland of international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. Such site meets at least one of the criteria of Identifying Wetlands of International Importance set by Ramsar Convention and is designated by appropriate national authority to be added to Ramsar list.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
ramsar site |
A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated of international importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental environment treaty established in 1975 by UNESCO, coming into force in 1975. Ramsar site refers to wetland of international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. Such a site meets at least one of the criteria of identifying Wetlands of International Importance set by Ramsar Convention and is designated by appropriate national authority to be added to Ramsar list.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
ramsar site |
A wetland site designated of international importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental environment treaty established in 1975 by UNESCO, coming into force in 1975. Ramsar site refers to wetland of international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. Such a site meets at least one of the criteria of identifying wetlands of international importance set by Ramsar Convention and is designated by appropriate national authority to be added to Ramsar list.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
ramsar site |
A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated of international importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental environment treaty established in 1975 by UNESCO, coming into force in 1975. Ramsar site refers to a wetland of international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. Such site meets at least one of the criteria of Identifying Wetlands of International Importance set by Ramsar Convention and is designated by appropriate national authority to be added to Ramsar list.
|
Africa assessment |
range |
“the current limits of distribution of a species, accounting for all known, inferred or projected sites of occurrence”
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Invasive alien species assessment |
range shift |
A change in the distributional limits of the native geographical range of a species, most commonly driven human-related factors (e.g. climate change).
|
Pollination assessment |
rangeland |
Natural grasslands used for livestock grazing.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
re-wilding |
The preservation of land with the goal of restoring natural ecosystem processes and reducing human control of landscapes (Gillson et al., 2011) to allow declining populations to rebound.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
reactive nitrogen |
All biologically, photochemically, and/or radiatively active forms of nitrogen; a diverse pool of nitrogenous compounds that includes organic compounds (e.g. urea, amines, proteins, amides), mineral nitrogen forms, such as nitrates and ammonium, as well as gases that are chemically active in the troposphere (NOx, ammonia, nitrous oxide) and contribute to air pollution and the greenhouse effect.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
reality |
Current state of biodiversity and ecosystem functions independent of human knowledge and perceptions and ecosystem services (Nature in IPBES conceptual framework). See also Perceptions; Concepts”; Worldviews”.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
rebound effect |
The pattern by which resource users tend to compensate for improved efficiency by shifting behaviour towards greater consumption, which undermines apparent gains. For example, an increased fuel saving of motor vehicle tends to be compensated by spending more money on other resources or by driving more.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
rebound effect |
The pattern by which resource users tend to compensate for improved efficiency by shifting behavior towards greater consumption, which undermines apparent gains. For example, an increased fuel saving of motor vehicle tends to be compensated by spending more money on other resources or by driving more.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
reclamation |
The stabilization of the terrain, assurance of public safety, aesthetic improvement, and usually a return of the land to what, within the regional context, is considered to be a useful purpose.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
recognition |
In social-environmental justice, recognition is about the respect for (community) ways of life, local knowledge, and cultural difference.
|
Values assessment |
recreational uses (of wild species) |
Recreational uses are defined as uses of wild species in which enjoyment is considered a primary value.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
recreational values |
Monetary or non-monetary worth given to the human recreational use of ecosystems, areas or other natural phenomena.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
recruitment |
The influx of new members into a population by reproduction or immigration (IUCN, 2012a).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
recruitment |
The influx of new members into a population by reproduction or immigration.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation |
A global mechanism designed to offer positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and to promote the conservation, management and enhancement of forest stocks in developing countries (http://theredddesk. org/encyclopaedia/reducing-emissions- deforestation-and-forest-degradation-redd- and-role-conservation). REDD-plus stands for countries’ efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and foster conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation |
Mechanism developed by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which creates a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands.
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|
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation |
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is a mechanism developed by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It creates a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. Developing countries would receive results-based payments for results- based actions. REDD+ goes beyond simply deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
reduced impact logging |
The intensively planned and carefully controlled implementation of timber harvesting operations to minimize the environmental impact on forest stands and soils (FAO, 2018a).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
reduced impact logging |
The intensively planned and carefully controlled implementation of timber harvesting operations to minimize the environmental impact on forest stands and soils.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation |
Mechanism developed by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It creates a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. Developing countries would receive results-based payments for results-based actions. REDD+ goes beyond simply deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
|
Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment |
reforestation |
Planting of forests on lands that have previously contained forests but that have been converted to some other use.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
reforestation |
Intentional replanting of trees and re- establishing a forest in areas that have been deforested.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Land degradation and restoration assessment |
regime |
A long-term qualitative behavior where the system’s dynamics tend to stabilize, at different spatial and temporal scales in marine, terrestrial and polar systems (Rocha et al., 2015).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
regime shift |
Substantial reorganization in system structure, functions and feedbacks that often occurs abruptly and persists over time.
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Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
regime shift |
Persistent change in systems structure and function, which can be abrupt and difficult to reverse. Regime shifts in socio-ecological systems can have substantial impacts on ecosystem services.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Scenarios and models assessment |
regional |
adj. Pertaining to an area, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries.
|
Pollination assessment |