Glossary definitions

Natural and/or modified ecosystems containing significant biodiversity values, ecological services and cultural values, voluntarily conserved by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, both sedentary and mobile, through customary laws or other effective means.

See driver.

See “Drivers”.

Drivers that operate by altering the level or rate of change of one or more direct drivers.

Indirect drivers are the forces that underlie and shape the extent, severity and combination of anthropogenic direct drivers that operate in a given place. They include key institutional and governance structures in addition to social, economic and cultural contexts. They are the underlying causes of biodiversity loss and can be external to the system in question. Indirect drivers operate almost always in concert and across multiple scales and varying levels of proximity from the location in question, from the global (markets, commodity prices, consumption patterns), to the national and regional (demographic change, migration, domestic markets, national policies, governance, cultural and technological change) to the local (poverty, economic opportunities).

See values.

Individual behaviour is usually understood as anything an animal or a person does in response to a particular situation or stimulus. Actions may be overt (motor or verbal) and directly measurable, or covert (activities not viewable but involving voluntary muscles) and indirectly measurable.

An allocation to an individual (a person or a legal entity (e.g. a company)) of a right

A type of quota (a part of a Total Allowable Catch) allocated to individual fishermen or vessel owners and which can be sold to others.

Industrial effluent is in general considered to be industrial wastewater - treated or untreated - that flows out of a sewage treatment facility or the wastewater discharge from industrial facilities. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters.

Industrial fisheries are defined as a category of capture fishery that generally present (some of) the following characteristics: (i) high capital equipment and expenditure, (ii) highly level of mechanization, motorization and onboard processing, (iii) large vessel size (> 24 m and > 50 GT), (iv) based on a business more vertically integrated, with generally global market access, (v) operating offshore on a multi-days basis.

Industrialisation or industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.

Animals that live within the sediment.

People and organizations who influence decision-making processes related to biodiversity and therefore have an impact on those who implement the decisions.

a broader term for Information Technology (IT), which refers to all communication technologies, including the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, middleware, video-conferencing, social networking, and other media applications and services enabling users to access, retrieve, store, transmit, and manipulate information in a digital form

infrastructures for organising data and information. As examples, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) are international on-line infrastructures for organizing data of species presences in space and time. For examples of invasive alien species information systems see Katsanevakis & Roy (2015) and Latombe et al.

A substance that kills insects. Insecticides may be synthetic chemicals, natural chemicals, or biological agents.

Linear areas of land within or at the edges of fields, farms, or other areas (rights of way, riparian areas, etc.) where plants are encouraged to grow, often for the benefit of various beneficial animals (e.g. predators of pests, biological control agents, pollinators and other wildlife).

Institutional arrangements can be seem as different (in)formal regimes and coalitions for collective action and inter-agent coordination, ranging from public-private cooperation and contracting schemes to organizational networking and policy arrangements.

The set of abilities which a given institution can use to achieve policy goals. Examples include the ability to collaborate with local communities, design scientifically sound restoration interventions, or foresee secondary effects of policies.

These are often catalogued as (i) law and policy failures (e.g. perverse subsidies), (ii) market failures (externalities in the use of public goods and services), (iii) organizational failure (e.g. lack of transparency and political legitimacy in decision-making) and (iv) informal institutional failures (e.g. break of collective action norms due to erosion of trust.

see Drivers, institutions and governance systems and other indirect drivers.

Encompass all formal and informal interactions among stakeholders and social structures that determine how decisions are taken and implemented, how power is exercised, and how responsibilities are distributed.

Encompasses all formal and informal interactions among stakeholders and social structures that determine how decisions are taken and implemented, how power is exercised, and how responsibilities are distributed.

Institutions are the (informal) conventions and norms, and (formal) legal rules which influence choices at all levels of society. The concept also encompasses the notions of habits and practices, referencing to the habituation of conventions and norms. Institutions structure both formal and informal interactions among people and organizations and influence human-nature relationships. As social structures, they shape how decisions are made and implemented and how responsibilities are distributed. Institutions are power-carriers as they shape people's identities and behaviour regarding particular values and interests. See Value-articulating institution.

Also known as extrinsic value or contributory value, it is the value of objects, both physical objects and abstract objects, not as ends-in- themselves, but as means of achieving something else. It is often contrasted with items of intrinsic value. It is studied in the field of value theory.

The direct and indirect contribution of nature's benefits to the achievement of a good quality of life.

The direct and indirect contribution of nature's benefits to the achievement of a good quality of life. Within the specific framework of the total economic value, instrumental values can be classified into use (direct and indirect use values) on the one hand, and non-use values (option, bequest and existence values) on the other. Sometimes option values are considered as use values as well.

The value attributed to something as a means to achieving a particular end.

See values.

Any area of habitat suitable for a specific ecosystem, surrounded by an expanse of unfavorable habitat that limits the dispersal of individuals. Insular systems can be either physical islands or isolated habitats (e.g. resulting of fragmentation).

The importance attributed to ecosystem resilience, including the role of biodiversity in maintaining the integrity of ecosystems as functioning systems, and their capacity to deliver ecosystem services and associated values.

Interdisciplinary models that aim to describe the complex relationships between environmental, social, and economic drivers that determine current and future state of the ecosystem and the effects of global change, in order to derive policy-relevant insights. One of the essential characteristics of integrated assessments is the simultaneous consideration of the multiple dimensions of environmental problems.

Interdisciplinary models that aim to describe the complex relationships between environmental, social, and economic drivers that determine current and future state of the ecosystem and the effects of global change, in order to derive policy-relevant insights. One of the essential characteristics of integrated assessments is the simultaneous consideration of the multiple dimensions of environmental problems.

See models.

establishment of relationships between the roles of actors, institutions and instruments, and involving as appropriate all those elements of the socio-ecological system that characterize biological invasion and its management, for the purpose of identifying the strategic interventions needed to improve invasive alien species prevention and control outcomes (definition originated from this assessment, from the thinking on integrated environmental governance).

Refers to long-term collaboration among different groups of land managers and stakeholders to achieve the multiple objectives required from the landscape.

A broadly-based approach that integrates various practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (i.e. to below the level that the costs of further control outweigh the benefits derived). It involves careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and then integration of appropriate measures to discourage development of pest populations while keeping pesticides and other interventions to economically justifiable levels with minimal risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro- ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection that combines different management strategies and practices to grow healthy crops and minimize the use of pesticides (FAO, 2018b).

Is also known as Integrated Pest Control (IPC). It is a broadly-based approach that integrates various practices for economic control of pests (q.v.). IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (i.e. to below the level that the costs of further control outweigh the benefits derived). It involves careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and then integration of appropriate measures to discourage development of pest populations while keeping pesticides and other interventions to economically justifiable levels with minimal risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

Also known as Integrated Pest Control, it is a broadly-based approach that integrates various practices for economic control of pests (q.v.). Integrated pest management aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (i.e. to below the level that the costs of further control outweigh the benefits derived). It involves careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and then integration of appropriate measures to discourage development of pest populations while keeping pesticides and other interventions to economically justifiable levels with minimal risks to human health and the environment. Integrated pest management emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agroecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

Also known as integrated pest control. It is a broadly-based approach that integrates various practices for economic control of pests. Integrated pest management (or IPM) aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (i.e. to below the level that the costs of further control outweigh the benefits derived). It involves careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and then integration of appropriate measures to discourage development of pest populations while keeping pesticides and other interventions to economically justifiable levels with minimal risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human and animal health and the environment. Integrated pest management emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms (FAO, 2017a). This management method seeks control using the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment

an integrated approach to planning and implementing future options to reduce the spread and limit the impact of biological invasions considers the fact that (1) multiple levels of governance are relevant, (2) diverse actors and decision-makers are involved, (3) the invasion process is multi-staged, and (4) drivers of invasion are multiple and interacting

The process of collecting, synthesizing, and communicating knowledge about the ways in which people ascribe importance and meaning of nature's contributions, to facilitate deliberation and agreement for decision-making and planning.

The process of collecting, synthesizing, and communicating knowledge about the ways in which people ascribe importance and meaning of NCP to humans, to facilitate deliberation and agreement for decision-making and planning.

The process of collecting, synthesizing, and communicating knowledge about the ways in which people ascribe importance and meaning of NCP to humans, to facilitate deliberation and agreement for decision making and planning.

See values.

A process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.

An umbrella legal term used in national and international forums to identify indigenous peoples’ rights to protect their specific cultural knowledge and intellectual property.