cryptogenic species |
a species, which cannot be reliably demonstrated as being either alien or native
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
cultural ecosystem services |
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Sarukhán & Whyte, 2005) defined cultural ecosystem services as the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences. Cultural ecosystem services have been included in many other typologies of ecosystem services and referred to variously as cultural services (Constanza, 1997), life-fulfilling functions (Daily, 1999), information functions (de Groot et al., 2002), amenities and fulfilment (Boyd & Banzhaf, 2007), cultural and amenity services (de Groot et al., 2010, Kumar 2010), or socio-cultural fulfilment (Wallace, 2007).
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
cultural change |
Cultural change is a continuous process in any society, which can vary from gradual to stochastic, resulting from interactions between processes that are internal (ex. needs, local changes, crisis, mobility, ideas, invention and innovation, conflicts, etc.) and external (ex. diffusion, external agents, political and economic forces, conflicts, etc.) (Berry, 2008; Redfield et al., 1936). Cultural change is interpreted differently depending on theoretical orientation, such as diffusionism, modernization theory, world system theory, neocolonialism, globalization, among others (see Peña, 2005; Rudmin, 2009; Santos-Granero, 2009). Culture change can be selective or systemic and most often involves resistance and conflicts but can also lead to adaptation and resilience in changing contexts and environments.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
cultural continuity |
Cultural continuity has been conceptualized within Indigenous health research that builds on cultural connectedness to emphasize the importance of intergenerational cultural connectedness, which is maintained through intact families and the engagement of elders, who pass traditions to subsequent generations. Cultural continuity also situates culture as being dynamic through the maintenance of collective memory, which may change over time.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
cultural diversity |
As stated in the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, Culture takes diverse forms across time and space. This diversity is embodied in the uniqueness and plurality of the identities of the groups and societies making up humankind. As a source of exchange, innovation and creativity, cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. In this sense, it is the common heritage of humanity and should be recognized and affirmed for the benefit of present and future generations..Cultural diversity widens the range of options open to everyone; it is one of the roots of development, understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
cultural ecosystem services |
A category of ecosystem services first developed in the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) to refer to the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience, including, knowledge systems, social relations, and aesthetic values. In this assessment, cultural ecosystem services are included as part of both material and non-material Nature’s contributions to people.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
cultural ecosystem services |
A category of ecosystem services first developed in the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) to refer to the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience, including, e.g. knowledge systems, social relations, and aesthetic values (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). In the Global Assessment, cultural ecosystem services are included as part of both material and non-material nature’s contributions to people.
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cultural ecosystem services |
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment defined cultural ecosystem services as the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences. Cultural ecosystem services have been included in many other typologies of ecosystem services and referred to variously as cultural services, life-fulfilling functions, information functions, amenities and fulfillment, cultural and amenity services, or socio-cultural fulfillment.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
cultural identity |
Cultural identity is the identity or feeling of belonging to, as part of the self-conception and self-perception to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality and any kind of social group that have its own distinct culture. In this way that cultural identity is both characteristic of the individual but also to the culturally identical group that has its members sharing the same cultural identity.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
cultural keystone species |
The culturally salient species that shape in a major way the cultural identity of a people, as reflected in the fundamental roles these species have in diet, materials, medicine, and/or spiritual practices.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
cultural keystone species |
Culturally keystone species designate species whose existence and symbolic value shape in a major way and over time, the cultural identity of a people, as reflected in the fundamental roles these species have in diet, materials, medicine, and/or spiritual practices.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
cultural landscape |
Cultural landscapes express the long-term co-evolution and relationships between people and nature, influenced by internal and external forces affecting the aesthetic and productive configuration of land management, water bodies, wildlife, property systems, infrastructure and human settlements, and which are both a source and a product of changing social, institutional, economic, and cultural systems.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
cultural values |
Cultural values are shared social values and norms, which are learned and dynamic, and which underpin attitudes and behavior and how people respond to events and opportunities, and affects the hierarchy of values people assign to objects, knowledge, stories, feelings, other beings, forms of social expressions, and behaviors.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
culture |
A commonly accepted definition of culture refers to the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
culture |
Culture is defined as a key determinant of, for example, what is defined as suitable food and preferred approaches to supporting human health.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
cumulative impacts |
An impact produced over a period of time.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
customary land tenure |
The socially-embedded systems and institutions used within communities to regulate and manage land use and access, and which derive from the community itself rather than from the state.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
customary law |
Law consisting of customs that are accepted as legal requirements or obligatory rules of conduct; practices and beliefs that are so vital and intrinsic a part of a social and economic system that they are treated as if they were laws.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
customary law |
Customary law forms part of forms part of international and domestic law and stems from the customary norms of a particular group of peoples.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
customary law |
Law based on tradition in communities where the authority of traditional leadership is recognised. It exists where there is a commonly repeated practice which is accepted as law by the members of a community.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Land degradation and restoration assessment |
customary law |
Law consisting of commonly repeated customs, practices and beliefs that are accepted as legal requirements or obligatory rules of conduct.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
customary practices |
See Customary law.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
customary rights |
Rights, such as land rights or political rights, that are granted by either customary or statutory law. Customary rights exist where there is a consensus of relevant actors considering them to be ‘law’.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
customary sustainable use |
Uses of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
taboo |
A social or religious custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or behavior.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
target |
A choice by people of a desired contemporary or future outcome.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
target condition |
A condition that maximizes the desired mix of ecosystem services.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
target-seeking scenario |
Scenarios that start with the definition of a clear objective, or a set of objectives, specified either in terms of achievable targets, or as an objective function to be optimized, and then identify different pathways to achieving this outcome (e.g. through backcasting).
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
target-seeking scenario |
See “scenarios”.
|
Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment |
taxon |
A category applied to a group in a formal system of nomenclature, e.g. species, genus, family etc. (plural: taxa).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment, Americas assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
taxonomic diversity |
Variety of species or other taxonomic categories (IUCN, 2012a).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
technical paper |
Technical papers are based on the material contained in the assessment reports and are prepared on topics deemed important by the Plenary.
|
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technical summary |
A Technical Summary is a longer detailed and specialized version of the material contained in the summary for policymakers.
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telecoupling |
Tele-coupling refers to socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances. It involves distant exchanges of information, energy and matter (e.g. people, goods, products, capital) at multiple spatial, temporal and organizational scales.
|
Africa assessment |
tele-grabbing |
Transboundary acquisition of land.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
teleconnection |
Relates to the environmental interactions between climatic systems over considerable distances.
|
Americas assessment |
teleconnection |
A statistical association between climate variables at widely separated, geographically-fixed spatial locations. Teleconnections are caused by large spatial structures such as basin-wide coupled modes of ocean-atmosphere variability, Rossby wave-trains, mid-latitude jets and storm tracks, etc.
|
IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change |
telecoupling |
Socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances. It involves distant exchanges of information, energy and matter (e.g. people, goods, products, capital) at multiple spatial, temporal and organizational scales.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
telecoupling |
Refers to socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances. It involves distant exchanges of information, energy and matter (e.g. people, goods, products, capital) at multiple spatial, temporal and organizational scales.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
telecoupling |
Telecoupling refers to socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances. It involves distant exchanges of information, energy and matter (e.g. people, goods, products, capital) at multiple spatial, temporal and organizational scales.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Global assessment (1st work programme) |
telecoupling |
Telecoupling refers to the phenomenon that natural or anthropogenic processes in one part of the globe have an effect on a distant part of the world (Friis et al., 2016). This concept thus enables the description of flows and impacts between globally distant places in a common language. Synonym in the literature is global inter-regional connectedness.
|
IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change |
temporal scale |
Comprised of two properties: 1) temporal extent - the total length of the time period of interest for a particular study (e.g. 10 years, 50 years, or 100 years); and 2) temporal grain (or resolution) - the temporal frequency with which data are observed or projected within this total period (e.g. at 1-year, 5-year or 10-year intervals).
|
Pollination assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Scenarios and models assessment |
temporal scales |
Measurements or other observations reported along a time series.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment |
tenure |
The act, fact, manner, or condition of holding something in one’s possession, as real estate or an office; occupation.
|
Pollination assessment |
tenure security |
An agreement between an individual or group to land and residential property, which is governed and regulated by a legal and administrative framework includes both customary and statutory systems.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
tenure |
Tenure systems define who can use which Nature’s contributions to people, for how long and under what conditions. Three related aspects of tenure offer a comprehensive understanding of the term. They include (1) tenure as a set of rights, (2) key responsibilities in relation to tenure, and (3) enabling conditions that facilitate governance of tenure. From this combined perspective, tenure is understood as the combination of a set of specific rights that connect the resource users with various aspects of the resource and puts the control and decision-making power in their hands. These rights span social, ecological, economic, and political aspects of tenure, and help provide directions to moving toward effective governance. Rights are connected with responsibilities that range from the duties of the users to maintain the resource to the duties to be performed by the state, and those jointly by both. The exercise of tenure rights can only be possible if certain conditions are meaningfully met because they offer the much required social, ecological, and political environment for the operationalization of tenure rights, performance of the tenure related duties, and necessary security and protection against tenure violations. From an integrated social-ecological (human-environmental) systems perspective, tenure is defined as relationships (also interactions and connections) between people (the users) who seek tenure and between the people (users) and the environment (includes the resource) to which tenure is being sought. Governance of tenure is then about the manner in which these host of relationships, interactions, and connections are addressed and promoted. Tenure in the context of sustainable use of wild species is not a static concept and, therefore, can be best understood as a process and its governance as continuous.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
teratogen |
Any agent that causes an abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy.
|
Americas assessment |
terrestrial animal harvesting |
Terrestrial animal harvesting is defined as the removal from their habitat of animals (vertebrates and invertebrates) that spend some or all of their life cycle in terrestrial environments. As for fishing, terrestrial animal harvesting often results in the death of the animal, but it may not in some cases. To reflect both situations, terrestrial animal harvesting has been sub-divided into a lethal and a “non- lethal” category. Hunting is defined as the lethal category of terrestrial animal harvesting which leads to the killing of the animal, such as in trophy hunting. “Non-lethal” terrestrial animal harvesting is defined as the temporary or permanent capture of live animals from their habitat without intended mortality, such as pet trade, falconry or green hunting. Non-lethal harvest of animals also includes removal of parts or products of animals that do not lead to the mortality of the host, such as vicuña fiber or wild honey. Unintended mortality may however occur in this category and the term “non-lethal” is therefore put in quotes.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
terrestrial productivity |
Net Primary Production (NPP) from the terrestrial environment.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
territorial use rights in fisheries |
Give a specific harvester exclusive access to ocean areas.
|
Americas assessment |