poaching |
Animal killing or trapping without the approval of the people who controls or own the land (Survival, 2018).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
poaching |
Poaching is defined as the illegal removal of wild species from a place where such practices are specially reserved or forbidden.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
point source |
Any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged, such as a pipe, ditch, ship or factory smokestack.
|
Americas assessment |
policy |
A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or individual.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
policy coherence |
The systematic promotion of mutually reinforcing policy actions across government departments and agencies creating synergies towards achieving the agreed objectives.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
policy context |
see decision context.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
policy cycle |
A framework describing the policy process in terms of four linked phases: agenda setting, policy design, policy implementation, and policy review.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
policy cycle |
a framework describing the policy process in terms of four linked phases: agenda setting, policy design, policy implementation, and policy review
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
policy instrument |
Set of means or mechanisms to achieve a policy goal.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
policy instrument |
Policy instruments are understood as the different interventions (formal rules, laws, social norms and processes etc.) made by decision-makers (governments and public authorities, intergovernmental organizations, companies etc.) to ensure that (public) policy objectives are supported and achieved by influencing the behaviour of other stakeholders. The IPBES Catalogue differentiates among four different types of policy instruments: i) economic and financial instruments (financial incentives handling out or taking away economic resources), ii) legal and regulatory instruments (formal rules, laws and regulations), iii) rights-based instruments and customary norms (incl. human and collective rights as well as customary norms and institutions of indigenous people), and iv) social and cultural instruments (information-based instruments and voluntary or collective actions with an emphasis on the intertwined relationships between ecosystems and sociocultural dynamics).
|
Values assessment |
policy instrument |
Structured activities by which decision-making institutions attempt to realize or achieve a decision to support, effect or prevent social change expressed by a policy addressing an identified challenge or opportunity.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
policy mix |
A combination of policy instruments which has evolved to influence the quantity and quality of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision in public and private sectors.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
policy options (for the use of wild species) |
Policy options are defined as potential policies in terms of their ability to achieve the stated policy goals. Chapter 6 present the range of policy options available to support the sustainable use of wild species, at a range of spatial scales (local, national, international), and across five key practices (fishing, gathering, terrestrial animal harvesting, logging, and non-extractive practices). Four groups of policy instruments are explored: i) legal and regulatory, ii) economic and financial, iii) social and information based, and iv) rights-based and customary instruments.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
policy regime |
constructs that depict the mix of institutional mechanisms that make up the governing arrangements addressing a particular problem (Herrick, 2019), noting that for the purpose of this assessment the term “regime” is used for a governance system, affecting more than one country, for a specific issue area, such as invasive alien species
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
policy scenarios |
see intervention scenarios.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
policy support tool |
Approaches and techniques based on science and other knowledge systems that can inform, assist and enhance relevant decisions, policy making and implementation at local, national, regional and global levels to protect nature, thereby promoting Nature’s contributions to people and a good quality of life.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
policy support tool |
Approaches and techniques based on science and other knowledge systems that can inform, assist and enhance relevant decisions, policy making and implementation at local, national, regional and global levels to protect nature, thereby promoting nature's benefits to people and a good quality of life.
|
Americas assessment |
policy support tool |
Approaches and techniques based on science and other knowledge systems that can inform, assist and enhance relevant decisions, policy making and implementation at local, national, regional and global levels to protect nature, thereby promoting nature's contributions to people and a good quality of life.
|
|
policy support tool |
Approaches and techniques based on science and other knowledge systems that can inform, assist and enhance relevant decisions, policymaking and implementation at local, national, regional and global levels to protect nature, thereby promoting nature's benefits to people and a good quality of life.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Land degradation and restoration assessment |
policy |
A definite course or method of action selected from among alternatives and in light of given conditions to guide and determine present and future decisions.
|
Values assessment, Invasive alien species assessment |
policy-cycle |
Policies are often cyclical in that emerging problems are addressed with the formulation of policies, followed by their implementation and subsequent evaluation. These stages in the policy cycle can be formalized with assigned roles and processes, and consist of many other sub-stages. For example, the policy formulation stage can include problem definition, identification of alternatives, consultations and public hearings, and finally, a decision on the chosen policy. Implementation can include allocating budgetary, assigning implementation roles to different actors, setting specific targets, and possibly developing guidelines. The evaluation and redefinition of the problem can be conducted with the help of formal monitoring systems as a periodic exercise, or it can be an ad-hoc process or a mere societal discussion of the impacts and consequences of existing policies.
|
Values assessment |
policy-evaluation scenarios |
Scenarios, including counterfactual scenarios, used in ex-post assessments of the gap between policy objectives and actual policy results, as part of the policy-review phase of the policy cycle.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
policy-screening scenarios |
Scenarios used in ex-ante assessments, to forecast the effects of alternative policy or management options (interventions) on environmental outcomes.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
policy-support tools and methodologies |
Approaches and techniques based on science and other knowledge systems, including indigenous and local knowledge, that can inform, assist and enhance relevant decisions, policy making and implementation at local, national, regional and global levels to protect nature, thereby promoting nature’s contributions to people and a good quality of life.
|
Values assessment |
policy support tool |
Approaches and techniques based on science and other knowledge systems that can inform, assist and enhance relevant decisions, policy making and implementation to protect nature, thereby promoting nature's benefits to people and a good quality of life.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
policy tool |
Instruments used by governance bodies at all scales to implement their policies. Environmental policies, for example, could be implemented through tools such as legislation, economic incentives or dis-incentives, including taxes and tax exemptions, or tradable permits and fees.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
pollen limitation |
The extent to which total seed and fruit production of an individual plant is limited by either the number or quality of the pollen grains deposited on flowers´ stigmas. In an agricultural context, pollen limitation is a synonym of pollination deficit.
|
Pollination assessment |
pollination |
The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Pollination may occur within flowers of the same plant, between flowers of the same plant, or between flowers of different plants (or combinations thereof).
|
Pollination assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
pollination effectiveness |
A measure of the accomplishments of a single visit of an individual animal in terms of pollen deposited, pollen removed, or seeds produced.
|
Pollination assessment |
pollination efficiency |
A measure of both the costs (flower damage, pollen eaten, etc.) and benefits (pollen deposited, pollen removed, seeds produced, etc.) of a single visit of an individual animal.
|
Pollination assessment |
pollination service |
The western science perspective for the benefits derived from pollination.
|
Pollination assessment |
pollination web |
see Plant-pollinator Network.
|
Pollination assessment |
pollinator |
An agent that transports pollen. Such agents may be animals of many kinds or physical (wind or water), or both.
|
Pollination assessment |
pollinator decline |
Decrease in abundance or diversity, or both, of pollinators.
|
Pollination assessment |
pollinator dependence |
The degree to which either seed or fruit production, or both, of a plant becomes reduced in the total absence of animal pollinators.
|
Pollination assessment |
polluter-pays principle |
The commonly accepted practice that those who produce pollution should bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to human health or the environment. A polluter pays principle aims at preventing anybody from reaping the benefits at the expense of (or even considerable harm to) other members of the society.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
pollution |
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
polycentric governance |
An organizational structure where multiple independent actors mutually order their relationships with one another under a general system of rules.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Invasive alien species assessment |
polycentric governance system |
Refers the organisation of small-, medium-, and large-scale democratic units that each may exercise considerable independence to make and enforce rules within a circumscribed scope of authority for a specified geographical area. Some units may be general-purpose governments whereas others may be highly specialized.
|
Africa assessment |
polyculture |
The simultaneous cultivation or growth of two or more compatible agricultural products (intercropping, some crops and livestock, agroforestry, agriculture and aquaculture).
|
Pollination assessment |
polymerase chain reaction |
sometimes called molecular photocopying, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a fast and inexpensive technique used to amplify - copy - small segments of DNA. Because significant amounts of a sample of DNA are necessary for molecular and genetic analyses, studies of isolated pieces of DNA are nearly impossible without PCR amplification
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
polyphyletic taxon |
A group composed of a collection of organisms in which the most recent common ancestor of all the included organisms is not included, usually because the common ancestor lacks the characteristics of the group. Polyphyletic taxa are considered unnatural, and usually are reclassified once they are discovered to be polyphyletic.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
population bottleneck |
A decrease in the gene pool of the population due to an event that drastically reduces the size of that population, such as an environmental disaster, the hunting of a species to the point of extinction, or habitat destruction that results in the deaths of organisms. Due to the event, many alleles, or gene variants, that were present in the original population are lost and the remaining population has a very low level of genetic diversity.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
population genetic structure |
The total genetic diversity and its distribution within and among a set of populations. It is shaped by many factors, including life history, population size, geographical or environmental barriers, gene flow, selection and population crashes or bottlenecks.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
pore-water pressure |
The pressure exerted by a fluid phase in a porous medium (soil or rock) composed of a solid framework and pores filled or partially filled with water or other fluid (Reid, 2013).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
poverty line |
A level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to governmental standards. It is also referred as poverty threshold.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
poverty |
A state of deprivation that is multidimensional in nature. Poverty is more than the lack of income and resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood. Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic services, social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
poverty |
Poverty is a state of economic deprivation. Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic services. Other corollaries of poverty are social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making.
|
Americas assessment |
poverty |
A state of economic deprivation. Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic services. Other corollaries of poverty are social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment, Pollination assessment |
power |
Power is the capacity of actors to mobilize agency, resources, and discourses, as well as to utilize or shape institutions to achieve a goal. Power can be both constraining and enabling, and the capacity of one actor can inhibit the capacity of another actor. Power in the context of human-nature relationships can be manifested in multiple and non-exclusive ways through discourses and social structures. Discursive power is the power to use discourses or knowledge production to shape worldviews, identities, and values. Related to discursive power is the power to frame how issues are understood, communicated, and discussed (framing power). Structural power is the result of historically-specific socio-cultural, political, and economic systems that reproduce social positions and/or hierarchies among social groups. Structural power relations determine, for example, who has the power to make rules regarding access, use, and responsibilities about nature/NCP, and who is excluded from this process (rule-making power); as well who has the formal or informal rights regarding nature/NCP which in turn determines the use of these assets and whose values are emphasized (operational power).
|
Values assessment |