homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenization means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species composition.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
honey bee |
Any bee that is a member of the genus Apis. They are primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax. Currently, eight species of honey bee are recognized.
|
Pollination assessment |
horticulture |
High investment crop production using resources intensively for high value product.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
hotspot of agrobiodiversity |
Areas with significantly high levels of agrobiodiversity.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hotspot of endemism |
See 'Biodiversity hotspot'.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
human appropriation of net primary production |
The aggregate impact of land use on biomass available each year in ecosystems.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
human capital |
All the knowledge, talents, skills, abilities, experience, intelligence, training, judgment and wisdom possessed individually and collectively by individuals in a population.
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IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
human history |
A general term used to refer to pre-historical and historical periods describing the development of humanity. Different classifications of periods exist reflecting different interpretation of human history.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
human rights |
Rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, colour, sex, language, religion or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other status. These rights are interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
human rights instruments |
Instruments for the protection and promotion of human rights, including general instruments, instruments concerning specific issues, and instruments relating to the protection of particular groups.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
human rights |
The inalienable fundamental rights of each and every human being as acknowledged in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948). Arguments of intragenerational justice basically refer to human rights.
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Values assessment |
human values |
See Values.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
human well-being |
A state of existence that fulfils various human needs, including material living conditions and quality of life, as well as the ability to pursue one's goals, to thrive, and feel satisfied with one's life (IPCC, 2020). The IPBES definition is consistent with this definition but notes that well-being also includes non-material living conditions and cultural identity. The phrase ‘Good quality of Life' as used in this report (see glossary entry) is intended to be inclusive of both the human well-being definitions given above.
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|
human well-being |
See Good Quality of Life.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
human well-being |
see well-being.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
human-nature relations |
The ways in which people relate to and engage with the natural environment, which are diverse and linked to worldviews, values and attitudes embedded in daily life.
|
Values assessment |
humanistic economics |
Humanistic economics intend to show that humankind is perfectly capable of living without the profit motive, and has done so for most of its history. It goes again the tendency to consider the profit motive as self-evident, an idea that underlies many political decisions. See also Behavioural economics.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
humification |
Decomposition of organic material followed by a synthesis of humic substances.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
hunting |
The capture by humans of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles, whether dead or alive, irrespective of the techniques used to capture them or the reasons to do so.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hybrid model |
See models.
|
|
hybrid model |
Models that combine correlative and process-based modelling approaches.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
hydraulic fracturing |
An oil and gas well development process that typically involves injecting water, sand, and chemicals under high pressure into a bedrock formation via the well. This process is intended to create new fractures in the rock as well as increase the size, extent, and connectivity of existing fractures. Hydraulic fracturing is a well-stimulation technique used commonly in low-permeability rocks like tight sandstone, shale, and some coal beds to increase oil and/or gas flow to a well from petroleum-bearing rock formations.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
hydrothermal vent |
A fissure on the floor of a sea out of which flows water that has been heated by underlying magma. The water can be as hot as 400°C (752°F) and usually contains dissolved minerals that precipitate out of it upon contact with the colder seawater, building a stack of minerals, or chimney. Hydrothermal vents form an ecosystem for microbes and animals, such as tube worms, giant clams, and blind shrimp, that can with stand the hostile environment. The hottest hydrothermal vents are called black smokers because they spew iron and sulfide which combine to form iron mono sulfide, a black compound.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
hypoxia |
Low dissolved oxygen levels in coastal and oceanic waters (<2mL per liter of water), either naturally occurring or as a result of a degradation (e.g. eutrophication).
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
water footprint |
The measure of humanity's use of fresh water as represented in volumes of water consumed and/or polluted.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
water footprint |
The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use. It can be measured for a single process, such as growing rice, for a product, such as a pair of jeans, for the fuel we put in our car, or for an entire.
|
|
water grabbing |
A situation where powerful actors are able to take control of, or reallocate to their own benefits, water resources already used by local communities or feeding aquatic ecosystems on which their livelihoods are based (Mehta et al., 2012).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
water logging |
An excess of water on top and/or within the soil, leading to reduced air availability in the soil for long periods.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water purification |
Vegetation, and specially aquatic plants, can assist in removing sediments and nutrients and other impurities from water.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water security index |
The ratio of total water withdrawal to the water availability including environmental flow requirements. Higher WSI values lead to decreasing water security.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water security |
The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of and acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.
|
|
water security |
The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of and acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution, water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water security |
The reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
water security |
The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of and acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio- economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.
|
Africa assessment, Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
water stress |
Physiological stress experienced by a plant as a result of a lack of available moisture or a low water potential in the surrounding soil; an instance of this. Economic or political pressures in a country or region as a result of insufficient access to fresh water.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment |
water stress |
Water stress occurs in an organism when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Africa assessment, Americas assessment |
water table |
The upper surface of the zone of ground water.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
water use efficiency |
The ratio between effective water use and actual water withdrawal. In irrigation, it represents the ratio between estimated plant water requirements (through evapotranspiration) and actual water withdrawal.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
weed |
A plant that is a pest (q.v.) in a particular circumstance.
|
Pollination assessment |
welfare |
See 'Social welfare'.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
welfare |
The provision of a minimal level of well- being (q.v.) and social support for all citizens.
|
Pollination assessment |
well established (certainty term (q.v.)) |
Consensus from a comprehensive meta- analysis7 or other synthesis, or multiple independent studies that agree.
|
Pollination assessment |
wellbeing (human) |
Human well-being is a state in which there is opportunity for satisfying social relationships and where human needs are met, where one can act meaningfully to pursue one's goals and where one enjoys a satisfactory quality of life”.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic materials for a good life, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relations, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relationships, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Human well-being is a state of being with others and the environment. Well-being is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and everyone can enjoy a good quality of life. The concept of human well-being is used in many western societies and its variants, together with living in harmony with nature, and living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relationships, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Well-being is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and can enjoy a good quality of life. The concept of human well- being is used in many western societies and its variants, together with living in harmony with nature, and living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth. All these are different perspectives on a good quality of life.
|
Africa assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relationships, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Well-being is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and can enjoy a good quality of life. The concept of human well-being is used in many western societies and its variants, together with living in harmony with nature, and living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth. All these are different perspectives on a good quality of life.
|
Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
wellbeing |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical well-being, good social relations, security, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Human wellbeing is a state of being with others and the environment. Wellbeing is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and everyone can enjoy a good quality of life.
|
Pollination assessment |
wellbeing (human) |
A perspective on a good life that comprises access to basic resources, freedom and choice, health and physical, including psychological, well- being, good social relationships, security, equity, peace of mind and spiritual experience. Well-being is achieved when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals and can enjoy a good quality of life. The concept of human well-being is used in many western societies and its variants, together with living in harmony with nature, and living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth. All these are different perspectives on a good quality of life.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
western culture |
(Also called modern science, Western scientific knowledge or international science) is used in the context of the IPBES conceptual framework as a broad term to refer to knowledge typically generated in universities, research institutions and private firms following paradigms and methods typically associated with the scientific method consolidated in Post-Renaissance Europe on the basis of wider and more ancient roots. It is typically transmitted through scientific journals and scholarly books. Some of its central tenets are observer independence, replicable findings, systematic scepticism, and transparent research methodologies with standard units and categories.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |