cultural landscape |
Cultural landscapes express the long-term co-evolution and relationships between people and nature, influenced by internal and external forces affecting the aesthetic and productive configuration of land management, water bodies, wildlife, property systems, infrastructure and human settlements, and which are both a source and a product of changing social, institutional, economic, and cultural systems.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
cultural values |
Cultural values are shared social values and norms, which are learned and dynamic, and which underpin attitudes and behavior and how people respond to events and opportunities, and affects the hierarchy of values people assign to objects, knowledge, stories, feelings, other beings, forms of social expressions, and behaviors.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
culture |
A commonly accepted definition of culture refers to the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
culture |
Culture is defined as a key determinant of, for example, what is defined as suitable food and preferred approaches to supporting human health.
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Sustainable use assessment |
cumulative impacts |
An impact produced over a period of time.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
customary land tenure |
The socially-embedded systems and institutions used within communities to regulate and manage land use and access, and which derive from the community itself rather than from the state.
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Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
customary law |
Law consisting of customs that are accepted as legal requirements or obligatory rules of conduct; practices and beliefs that are so vital and intrinsic a part of a social and economic system that they are treated as if they were laws.
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Sustainable use assessment |
customary law |
Customary law forms part of forms part of international and domestic law and stems from the customary norms of a particular group of peoples.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
customary law |
Law based on tradition in communities where the authority of traditional leadership is recognised. It exists where there is a commonly repeated practice which is accepted as law by the members of a community.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Land degradation and restoration assessment |
customary law |
Law consisting of commonly repeated customs, practices and beliefs that are accepted as legal requirements or obligatory rules of conduct.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment |
customary practices |
See Customary law.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
customary rights |
Rights, such as land rights or political rights, that are granted by either customary or statutory law. Customary rights exist where there is a consensus of relevant actors considering them to be ‘law’.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
customary sustainable use |
Uses of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements.
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Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
habitat |
The place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs. Also used to mean the environmental attributes required by a particular species or its ecological niche.
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Americas assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Africa assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment |
habitat connectivity |
The degree to which the landscape facilitates the movement of organisms (animals, plant reproductive structures, pollen, pollinators, spores, etc.) and other environmentally important resources (e.g. nutrients and moisture) between similar habitats. Connectivity is hampered by fragmentation (q.v.).
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Pollination assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
habitat degradation |
A general term describing the set of processes by which habitat quality is reduced. Habitat degradation may occur through natural processes (e.g. drought, heat, cold) and through human activities (forestry, agriculture, urbanization).
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment, Africa assessment, Americas assessment, Pollination assessment, Pollination assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
habitat ecosystem functions |
The ability of soil or soil materials to serve as a habitat for micro-organisms, plants, soil- living animals and their interactions.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
habitat fragmentation |
A general term describing the set of processes by which habitat loss results in the division of continuous habitats into a greater number of smaller patches of lesser total and isolated from each other by a matrix of dissimilar habitats. Habitat fragmentation may occur through natural processes (e.g. forest and grassland fires, flooding) and through human activities (forestry, agriculture, urbanization).
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Sustainable use assessment, Africa assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
habitat heterogeneity |
The number of different habitats in a landscape.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
habitat degradation |
A general term describing the set of processes by which habitat quality is reduced. Habitat degradation may occur through natural processes (e.g. drought, heat, cold) and through human activities (forestry, agriculture, urbanization).
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Sustainable use assessment |
habitat modification |
Changes in an area's primary ecological functions and species composition due to human activity and/or non-native species invasion.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
habitat service |
The importance of ecosystems to provide living space for resident and migratory species (thus maintaining the gene pool and nursery service).
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Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
habitat specialist |
Species that require very specific habitats and resources (e.g. narrow range of food sources or cover types) to thrive and reproduce.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
habitat |
The place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Scenarios and models assessment |
habitat |
the area, characterized by its abiotic and biotic properties, that is habitable by a particular species
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Invasive alien species assessment |
harmful algal bloom |
They occur when colonies of algae (simple plants that live in the sea and freshwater) grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
harmful algal bloom |
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur when colonies of algae grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds. The human illnesses caused by HABs, though rare, can be debilitating or even fatal.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
harmonization |
The process of bringing together, and comparing, models or scenarios to make them compatible or consistent with one another.
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Scenarios and models assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Pollination assessment, Africa assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
harmonization |
The process of bringing something together, and comparing (e.g. models or scenarios) to facilitate compatibility or consistency.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment |
hazard |
A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards that this assessment discusses are mostly environmental hazards (chemical, natural and biological hazards), while cognizant that many hazards are socio- natural, in that they are associated with a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural hazards are predominantly associated with natural processes and phenomena, including geological or geophysical hazards that originate from internal earth processes (earthquakes, volcanic activities, landslides, tsunamis), and hydrometeorological hazards, which are of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic origin (tropical cyclones, floods, drought; heatwaves, and storm surges). Biological hazards are of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances. Examples are bacteria, viruses or parasites, as well as venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants and mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents.
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Sustainable use assessment |
heat island effect |
Describes built up areas that are hotter than nearby rural areas. Heat islands can affect communities by increasing summertime peak energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, heat-related illness and mortality, and water quality.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hedgerow |
A row of shrubs or trees that forms the boundary of an area such as a garden, field, farm, road or right-of-way.
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Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
hedonic pricing |
An economic valuation approach that utilizes information about the implicit demand for an environmental attribute of marketed commodities.
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Europe and Central Asia assessment |
herbicide |
A substance that kills or inhibits the germination, growth and development of plants. Herbicides may be synthetic chemicals, natural chemicals, or biological agents.
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Pollination assessment |
holocene |
The Holocene is the current geological epoch. It began after the Pleistocene, approximately 11,650 calendar years before present.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
homegarden |
Yard areas surrounding a house for vegetable and fruit production and keeping of domestic animals. In many regions homegardens contain wild species utilized as medicinal plants, timber or other uses.
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Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
homeotherm |
Organisms (vertebrates) with a constant and high body temperature, with a high level of energy exchange.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenisation means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species composition.
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Pollination assessment |
homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenisation means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species or functional composition.
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Sustainable use assessment |
homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenization means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species composition.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
honey bee |
Any bee that is a member of the genus Apis. They are primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax. Currently, eight species of honey bee are recognized.
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Pollination assessment |
horticulture |
High investment crop production using resources intensively for high value product.
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Sustainable use assessment |
hotspot of agrobiodiversity |
Areas with significantly high levels of agrobiodiversity.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hotspot of endemism |
See 'Biodiversity hotspot'.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
human appropriation of net primary production |
The aggregate impact of land use on biomass available each year in ecosystems.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
human capital |
All the knowledge, talents, skills, abilities, experience, intelligence, training, judgment and wisdom possessed individually and collectively by individuals in a population.
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IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
human history |
A general term used to refer to pre-historical and historical periods describing the development of humanity. Different classifications of periods exist reflecting different interpretation of human history.
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
human rights |
Rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, colour, sex, language, religion or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other status. These rights are interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
human rights instruments |
Instruments for the protection and promotion of human rights, including general instruments, instruments concerning specific issues, and instruments relating to the protection of particular groups.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
human rights |
The inalienable fundamental rights of each and every human being as acknowledged in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948). Arguments of intragenerational justice basically refer to human rights.
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Values assessment |