a suite of processes that result in the introduction of a species from one geographical location to another. It means: 1) geographic routes by which a species is moved outside its natural range (past or present); 2) corridors of introduction (e.g., road, canal, tunnel); and/or 3) human activity that gives rise to an intentional or unintentional introduction. More than one vector (see definition of vector below) within a pathway may be involved in a transfer of species

an integrated approach to planning and implementing future options to reduce the spread and limit the impact of biological invasions considers the fact that (1) multiple levels of governance are relevant, (2) diverse actors and decision-makers are involved, (3) the invasion process is multi-staged, and (4) drivers of invasion are multiple and interacting

careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human and animal health and the environment. Integrated pest management emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms (FAO, 2017a).

establishment of relationships between the roles of actors, institutions and instruments, and involving as appropriate all those elements of the socio-ecological system that characterize biological invasion and its management, for the purpose of identifying the strategic interventions needed to improve invasive alien species prevention and control outcomes (definition originated from this assessment, from the thinking on integrated environmental governance).

infrastructures for organising data and information. As examples, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) are international on-line infrastructures for organizing data of species presences in space and time. For examples of invasive alien species information systems see Katsanevakis & Roy (2015) and Latombe et al.

a broader term for Information Technology (IT), which refers to all communication technologies, including the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, middleware, video-conferencing, social networking, and other media applications and services enabling users to access, retrieve, store, transmit, and manipulate information in a digital form

changes to nature, nature’s contributions to people, and/or the good quality of life (Ricciardi et al., 2013). Impacts can be observed or unobserved. More specifically, impacts to nature (formerly ‘ecological impact’), is defined as a measurable change to the properties of an ecosystem (Ricciardi et al., 2013), and implies that all introduced species can have an impact, even when not yet established or widespread, which may vary in magnitude, simply by integration into the ecosystem.

the area, characterized by its abiotic and biotic properties, that is habitable by a particular species

within the context of the IPBES Conceptual Framework – the achievement of a fulfilled human life, a notion which varies strongly across different societies and groups within societies. It is a context-dependent state of individuals and human groups, comprising aspects such as access to food, water, energy and livelihood security, and also health, good social relationships and equity, security, cultural identity, and freedom of choice and action.

processes that either amplify (positive feedback loop) or diminish (negative feedback loop) the effects of a biological invasion. Feedback loops may make the impacts of biological invasions stronger or weaker, starting a chain reaction that repeats again and again. Negative feedback loop: A human-natural feedback that continually stabilizes or reduces ongoing or future biological invasions (also known as a ‘balancing’ feedback loop).