Lack of methods for adaptive management of invasive alien invertebrates and plants using alternative approaches given the declining number of chemical control options {5.6.2.5}

Lack of methods of managing pathways for invasive alien species arriving as contaminants, or through shipping containers, e-commerce (legal/illegal), biofouling or ports, and across land borders and along trade supply chains {table 5.11, 5.6.2.4}

Lack of agreed-upon methods of supporting management decisionmaking for invasive alien species with both positive and negative impacts {5.6.1.2}

Lack of control options for marine invasive alien species and invasive alien microbial fungal pathogens of plants and animals {5.6.1.1}

Incomplete data on impact on nature’s contributions to people and good quality of life {4.7.2}

Lack of indicators of the various dimensions of biological invasion that are policy-relevant, sensitive, reliable, relevant at national and global scales, sustained for mediumto-long-term tracking of progress and part of a responsive policy environment {6.6.3}

Incomplete data and understanding of the conditions that facilitate successful integration of policy developments into management plans {6.6.1.4}

Incomplete data and understanding of site-based and ecosystem-based management concepts {5.6.2.1}

Incomplete data to develop pathway risk assessments and management for different taxonomic groups and biomes {table 5.11, 5.6.2.5}

Lack of inventories at fine scales and for specific taxon and biome contexts to support decision-makers in determining when to implement species-based or site-based management (or both) {5.6.2.1, 5.7}