Alien species that becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitat, are agents of change, and threaten native biological diversity.

The fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface or object, often expressed as a percentage.

Rural and urban agricultural land use systems in which trees or tree-like perennial and forests are deliberately planted or protected along with agricultural crops and/ or animals and associated wild species.

A collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land- management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence.

A collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land- management units as agricultural crops and animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence.

A collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos and so on) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. Agroforestry can enhance the food supply, income and health of smallholder farmers and other rural people.

A human activity system that provides specific services and possesses certain characteristics such as defined biodiversity, a determined ecological succession and food webs and nutrient cycles.

The science and practice of applying ecological concepts, principles and knowledge (i.e. the interactions of, and explanations for, the diversity, abundance and activities of organisms) to the study, design and management of sustainable agroecosystems. It includes the roles of human beings as a central organism by way of social and economic processes in farming systems. Agroecology examines the roles and interactions among all relevant biophysical, technical and socioeconomic components of farming systems and their surrounding landscapes.

An approach that aims to regenerate functionally interacting biodiversity leading to sustainable, resilient systems. Methods are knowledge, management and labour- intensive rather than input intensive, and are often rooted in traditional farming practices and/or are co-developed by farmers and scientists working together.

The removal of trees or de-emphasis on the planting and/or protection of trees in the context of existing agroecosystems.