Civil society, according to Gramsci, is broader than the institutionally recognized organizations, unions, associations and other pressure groups. It considers citizens as historical subjects capable of both understanding and changing the world around them, instead of being passive recipients of a readymade ideology. The Internet and other new information and communication technologies facilitate the rise of self-organized, leaderless movements, allowing a rapid and efficient mobilization of citizens.

Actors living in the area / context of interest that are directly or indirectly impacted by decisions / recommendations and hold their own (subjective) interest.

Citizen science refers to research collaborations in which volunteers and scientists partner to answer real-world questions, typically through a connected interface. A major setback of citizen science projects is that they require some level of computer l.

A regenerative system in which resource input and waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimized by slowing, closing, and narrowing material and energy loops. This can be achieved through long-lasting design, maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing, and recycling.

Ecosystems including hot vents, cold seeps, mud volcanoes and sulphidic brine pools are highly fractured and diverse deep-water habitats shaped by dynamic, small- and large-scale geological processes, which vary substantially in time and space.

Species that has a privileged value for a group (academic or not academic) and is used to focus attention on conservation campaigns (in the case of NGOs and environmentalists) or considered as a heritage (3 characters: inherited from ancestor, supposed to be transmitted to the next generation, sustainably managed) and in which the group identifies him-self.

Any species that has popular appeal and is used to focus attention on conservation campaigns.

A list of principles that certification schemes need to satisfy in order to be effective and credible.

A procedure by which a third party gives written assurance that a product, process or service is in conformity with certain environmental standards.

In this document the authors and reviewers have assigned categories of certainty to the information that is included. These are: Well established (q.v.); Established but incomplete (q.v.); Unresolved (q.v.); and, Inconclusive (q.v.).