Universal participation in terms of equality of all inquirers in access to information and knowledge. Disputes over meaning and importance, among powerful and powerless social groups, on what knowledge counts as true, valid and important in decision-making. The idea of epistemic injustice also relates to distributive unfairness in the distribution of epistemic or knowledge goods and services such as information or education.
A professional network with recognized expertise and competence, and a claim for policy-relevant knowledge, in a particular domain (Haas, 1992).
A tax whose tax base is a physical unit (or a proxy of it) that has a proven specific negative impact on the environment. Four subsets of environmental taxes are distinguished: energy taxes, transport taxes, pollution taxes and resources taxes.
A hypothesized relationship between environmental quality and economic development: various indicators of environmental degradation tend to get worse as modern economic growth occurs until average income reaches a certain point over the course of development.
The hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic output per capita and some measures of environmental quality: as GDP per capita rises, so does environmental degradation. However, beyond a certain point, increases in GDP per capita lead to reductions in environmental damage.
Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, colour, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Fair treatment means that no single group of people should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences arising from industrial, governmental, or commercial operations or policies.
The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies.
An extraction from non-cultivated sources: natural forests, other non-forest wildlands such as grass-, bush- and wetlands, fallows, but also wild plants and animals harvested from croplands.
A formal, evidence-based procedure that assesses the economic, social and environmental effects of public policy or of any human activity.