Actions, policies or initiatives by which use and access rights of resources and spaces are transferred and re-allocated from collective entity to private or public entity, leading to IPLC dispossession, marginalization and exclusion and, consequently, the unsustainability of use system (Acheson, 2015; Fairhead et al., 2012; National Research Council & National Research Council (U.S.), 2002).

The regime under which decisions are made, and the degree to which power over a given decision is shared among actors, or across different sectors.

Refers to recommendation of options to be considered in changing the government structure that would allow relevant stakeholders to ultimately determine their future.

Taken together, the institutional framing of specific economic, political decision-making and socio-cultural processes of relevance to the governance of human-human and human-nature relationships are termed governance frameworks.

‘Modes of governance’ have been conceptualized in different ways, from hierarchies (state centric governance), networks or co- governance (a constellation of actors in varying partnership arrangements), markets (market-based instruments and incentives), voluntarism (non-binding agreements and instruments) and self- governance (including customary governance).

All processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through laws, norms, power or language. It relates to the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions.

The way the rules, norms and actions in a given organization are structured, sustained and regulated.

The processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or other social network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society.

The achievement of a fulfilled human life, a notion that varies strongly across different societies and groups within societies. It is a state of individuals and human groups that is dependent on context, including access to food, water, energy and livelihood security, and also health, good social relationships and equity, security, cultural identity, and freedom of choice and action. From virtually all standpoints, a good quality of life is multidimensional, having material as well as immaterial and spiritual components.

The achievement of a fulfilled human life. IPCC does not define this term. The full IPBES definition is the achievement of a fulfilled human life, a notion which varies strongly across different societies and groups within societies. It is thus a context-dependent state of individuals and human groups, comprising aspects such as access to food, water, energy and livelihood security, and also health, good social relationships and equity, security, cultural identity, and freedom of choice and action.