Restoration and ecosystem management activities based on indigenous and local knowledge and often executed by IPLC to restore and maintain the healthy functioning of ecosystems.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is a cumulative body of knowledge and beliefs, handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with one another and with their environment. Further, TEK is an attribute of societies with historical continuity in resource use practices; by and large, there are non-industrial or less technologically advanced societies, many of them indigenous or tribal.

see indigenous and local knowledge.

Resource management strategies and practices based on accumulated indigenous and local knowledge acquired through community-based learning processes and transmitted between successive generations.

Any type of farming that uses techniques developed over decades or centuries to ensure good, sustainable yields in a specific area or region. Traditional farms are based around mixed crops that complement one another.

A trade-off is a situation where an improvement in the status of one aspect of the environment or of human well-being is necessarily associated with a decline in or loss of a different aspect. Trade-offs characterize most complex systems and are important to consider when making decisions that aim to improve environmental and/or socio-economic outcomes. Trade-offs are distinct from synergies (the latter are also referred to as “win-win” scenarios): synergies arise when the enhancement of one desirable outcome leads to enhancement of another.

A balance achieved between two desirable but incompatible features; a compromise.

A situation where an improvement in the status of one aspect of the environment or of human well-being is necessarily associated with a decline in or loss of a different aspect. Trade-offs characterize most complex systems, and are important to consider when making decisions that aim to improve environmental and/or socio-economic outcomes. Trade-offs are distinct from synergies (the latter are also referred to as win-win scenarios): synergies arise when the enhancement of one desirable outcome leads to enhancement of another.

Trade is defined in formal markets as the exchanges in which records are kept and statistics generated. It is expected that currency is the medium of exchange in formal markets. Trade in informal markets encompasses exchanges in which neither records nor statistics are generated; the medium of exchange may be currency or goods and/or services.

A principle or an ontology found within societies that differentiate different sections of the society, according to the attachment of these sections to animal or plant tutelar spirits. In other words, totemism defines discontinuities in social order according to each group's attachment to a specific animal or plant spirit that is perceived as having similar features to this section (or clan) and an inner-self that also resembles people in this section (and reciprocally).