A change in the fundamental attributes of natural and human systems that reflect strengthened, altered, or aligned paradigms, goals, or values towards promoting adaptation that supports sustainable development, including poverty reduction.

The capacity to cross thresholds, enter new development trajectories, abandon unsustainable actions and chart better pathways to established targets (Folke et al. 2010).

Pollution that originates in one country but, by crossing the border through pathways of water or air, can cause damage to the environment in another country.

Flows, interactions, relationships across boundary, in reference to jurisdictions, political units, physical nature features.

Title of an influential 1968 essay by biologist Garrett Hardin, which argued that overuse of common resources is a leading cause of environmental degradation. This was interpreted by some, especially economists and free-market libertarians, to mean that private ownership is preferable to the commons for the stewardship of land, water, minerals, etc. Yet in recent years many have challenged this view on both empirical and philosophical grounds.

Traditional medicine is the sum total of the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness.

The concept of Traditional Knowledge (TK) in the Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) has two characteristics. Firstly, CBD defines TK as one kind of knowledge, innovations and practices which is helpful to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Secondly, CBD limits the TK to link with indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) embodying traditional lifestyles, i.e. these TK were created and preserved by IPLCs and they are accumulated, developed and inherited generation by generation.

The concept of Traditional Knowledge (TK) in CBD has two characteristics. Firstly, CBD defines TK as one kind of knowledge, innovations and practices which is helpful to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Secondly, CBD limits the TK to link with Indigenous and Local Communities (ILCs) embodying traditional lifestyles, i.e. these TK were created and preserved by ILCs and they are accumulated, developed and inherited generation by generation.

See Indigenous and local knowledge.

A term used to refer to complex, diverse and locally adapted agricultural systems, managed with time-tested through multi-generational experimentation, as well as diffusion of knowledge and practices. While the term ‘traditional’ is used to refer to a persisting long-term farming system, it does not intend to imply that such systems are static.